August 12, 2006
WANTED: A NEW PEARL
HARBOR B
THE U.S.
GOVERNMENT=S
INCENTIVES FOR ORGANIZING THE 9/11 ATTACKS
HISTORY
The push for:
* AUnilateralism@
* AA unipolar world@
* AGlobal leadership@
* AU.S. primacy@
* AAmerican hegemony@
* AA Pax Americana@
* AFull Spectrum Dominance@
* AWeapons in space@
* APreventive (called pre-emptive) wars@
* AForward deployed forces@
* AOpportunities@
* A ARevolution in Military Affairs@
* Wars in Central Asia, particularly Iraq, Lebanon and Syria
* And the necessity for a new Pearl Harbor to galvanize the public for all these B
this push was indisputably evident well before the
attacks of 9/11.
The agenda of neoconservative movement, rising to influence in the 1980=s, increasingly prominent after the collapse of the Soviet Union (1989), and quiet during the Clinton years (1993-2001), was fully endorsed by President George W. Bush as he entered office, in January 2001.
The following chronology traces this ultra-conservative agenda from its roots in the 1960's, to the attacks of September 11, 2001, and a short time thereafter. Since 9/11, this agenda has continued to be implemented systematically and very successfully by the Bush Administration. The United States is gaining control of the Middle East, even if it Aloses@ the war in Iraq.
THE NEOCONSERVATIVE MOVEMENT B CHRONOLOGY:
Before 1964
Albert Wohlstetter (1913-1997), is Senior Policy Analyst at the RAND Corporation, a think-tank in Santa Monica, CA, which does contract research for the Pentagon. One of his co-workers is:
* Herman
Kahn, later (1961) to found the Hudson Institute where Kahn would
continue his research on the application of game theory and systems analysis to
military strategy.
1964-1980
Albert Wohlstetter teaches political science at the University of Chicago B where he would meet later protege:
* Paul Wolfowitz, later (1989-1993) to be Department of Defense, Under-secretary for Policy (under then Secretary of Defense Richard Cheney), and then (2005-Present) President of the World Bank.
Wohlstetter argues for a Agraduated deterrence@ which would admit limited wars with the use of tactical nuclear arms and Asmart@ precision-guided weapons. He criticizes efforts at nuclear arms limitations for attempting to maintain an artificial equilibrium with the USSR, at the cost of imposing constraints on the technological creativity of the United States.
Wohlstetter would influence a number of present prominent members of the neoconservative movement, including:
* Richard Perle, later (2001-2003) to be Chair of the Department of Defense, Defense Policy Board Advisory Committee. (This is a committee of civilians and retied military officers whom the U.S. Secretary of Defense may call upon for advice).
* Zalmay Khalilzad, later (2003) to be Ambassador to Afghanistan, and then (2005) Ambassador to Iraq (p. 102. Wikipedia.org APerle@ 2006, pp. 1-2. Wikipedia.org AKhalilzad pp. 1-2).
(The Neoconservatve Movement B
Chronology, continued)
Before 1973
Andrew Marshall, nuclear strategist at the RAND Corporation, works with:
Albert Wohlstetter (who has left the Rand Corporation in
1964).
Herman Kahn, later (1961) to found the Hudson Institute.
James Schlesinger, later (1973-1975) to be U.S. Secretary of Defense.
(The Neoconservatve Movement B Chronology, continued)
1973-Present
Andrew Marshall becomes Director of the Office of Net Assessment, at the U.S. Department of Defense (under President Richard Nixon) B a position he still holds today at the age of 84. The Office is the think-tank of the Pentagon, responsible for assessing regional and global military balances, long-term trends and developing threats.
Since the 1980=s, Marshall has been a renowned theorist promoting a ARevolution in Military Affairs,@ which would take advantage of technological advances. He argues that future conventional wars will not be conducted by ground troops, but rather managed, almost like a nuclear war, by strategists controlling missile strikes from remote computers. There will be no battlefield, only spy satellites, long-range missiles, computer viruses, and a Alayered@ defense system making the United States impenetrable (Center for Media & Democracy 2004, pp. 1-8. Wikipedia.org AWohlstetter@ 2006, p. 1).
Note: What was Marshall=thinking during the first eight months of 2001?
The extensive Report of the Congressional Hart-Rudman Task Force on Homeland Security was published on February 1, 2001.
The responsibility of the Office of Net Assessment is to envision future threats to national security (Center for Media & Democracy 2004, p. 8. See p. 17 of the present document).
Marshall is credited for being highly influential on the ideas of:
* Richard Armitage, later (2001-2005) Deputy Secretary of State.
* Richard
Cheney, later (2001-Present) Vice-president.
* Eliot
Cohen, later (2001-Present) member, Department of Defense, Defense
Policy Board Advisory Committee.
* Zalmay Khalilzad, later (2003-2005) Ambassador to
Afghanistan and then (2005-Present), Ambassador to Iraq.
* Richard
Perle, later (2001-2003) Chair, Department of Defense, Defense
Policy Board Advisory Committee.
* James
Roche, later (2001-2005) Department of Defense, Secretary of the Air
Force.
* Donald Rumsfeld, later (1975-1977, and 2001-Present) Secretary of Defense.
* Paul Wolfowitz, later (1989-1993) Under-secretary of Defense for Policy (Center for Media & Democracy 2004, pp. 1-9. Wikipedia.org APerle@ 2006, p. 2).
(The Neoconservative Movement B Chronology, continued)
1984
Norman Podhoretz, reacting to the post-Vietnam war view that American military power should never again be used for imperialistic purposes, argues that:
A[military power constitutes] the indispensable foundation of U.S. foreign policy. . . without it, nothing else we do will be effective@ (p. 92. Emphasis mine).
1986
Irving Kristol, considered the founder of American neoconservatism, argues that the U.S. needs to move toward a foreign policy of:
Aglobal unilateralism@ (p. 87. Emphasis mine).
1989
Charles Krauthammer, well-known neocon columnist,
publishes an essay entitled, AUniversal
Dominion,@ in which
he argues that America should work for:
Aa qualitatively new outcome B a unipolar world@ (p. 87. Emphasis mine).
(The Neoconservative Movement B Chronology, continued)
1992
1. Paul Wolfowitz, Department of Defense, Under-secretary for Policy, and his Assistant, Lewis AScooter@ Libby, prepare for then Secretary of Defense Richard Cheney, who is close to the end of his tenure, a draft of the ADefense Planning Guidance@ for the Pentagon.
The draft consists a blueprint for permanent American global hegemony. It states:
A[America=s] first objective is to prevent the re-emergence of a new rival . . . We must maintain the mechanism for deterring potential competitors from even aspiring to a regional or global role@ (mechanism meaning military power) (Emphases mine).
The document declares that the United States should use force to:
Apre-empt and preclude threats@ (p. 96. Emphasis mine).
The draft becomes known as Athe Wolfowitz plan@ (though Cheney is a co-author). Portions leaked to the press are met with an outpouring of criticism. The Department of Defense then publishes a softer version. However, before he leaves office (1993), Cheney issues another revision in which he has restored some of the neo-imperial language (pp. 88-89 and 92; Ruppert 2004, p. 530; summarized in Hall 2004b, p. 15).
2. Albert Wohlstetter writes, in the Wall Street Journal (August 25), an article entitled, AHelp Iraqi Dissidents oust Saddam,@ in which he expresses exasperation that nothing has been done about:
Aa dictatorship sitting on the world=s second largest pool of low-cost oil and ambitious to dominate the Gulf@ (pp. 102 and 221. Emphasis mine).
(The Neoconservative Movement B Chronology, continued)
1994
John Bolton, Associate in the business and corporate law firm Covington & Burling, and Partner in the law firm Lerner, Reed, Bolton & McManus, and later (2005-Present) to be United States Representative to the United Nations, overtly denigrates the United Nations during a speech to the World Federalist Association:
AThere
is no such thing as the United Nations.
There is only the international community, which can only be led by the
only remaining superpower, which is the United States.@
AIf
the Secretariat building in New York . . . lost ten stories, it wouldn=t make a bit of difference.@
AThe
U.N. should be used when and where we choose to use it to advance American
national interests . . . [It] is only a
tool.@
AAmerican policy cannot continue to be crippled by a misguided insistence on unanimity in the U.N . Security Council@ (Mufti 2006, p. 1).
1995
1. Zalmay Khalilzad, Director of the Strategy and Force Structure Program, Project Air Force, at the RAND Corporation, publishes From Containment to global Leadership? America and the World after the Cold War. The book advances the idea of preventing the rise of any rival power, by military force if necessary (p. 89).
2. William Kristol and John Podhoretz co-found the Weekly Standard, which rapidly becomes the main organ of neocon thinking (p. 89).
(The Neoconservative Movement B Chronology, continued)
1996
1. On July 8th, at the Institute for Advanced Strategic and Political Studies, a think-tank, founded in 1984, in Jerusalem, Israel, with an affiliate office in Washington, D.C., Richard Perle delivers a draft paper to the then recently elected Prime Minister of Israel, Benjamin Netanyahu (prime minister 1996-1999, Likud party).
The draft is in response to Netanyahu=s request for help in devising a strategy to abrogate the Oslo Accords and overturn the idea of Aland for peace,@ in favor of a jackboot policy of U.S.-Israeli-Turkish raw military conquest and occupation.
The Institute has convened a AStudy Group on a New Israeli Strategy toward 2000,@ with Perle as its chair. The paper which the Group has produced is entitled, AA Clean Break B A New Strategy for securing the Realm.@ David Wurmser, Director of Research in Strategy and Politics, at the Institute, is the principal author.
The authors recommend that Israel make a clean break from previous strategies, and establish:
Athe principle of pre-emption@ (pp. 96 and 220. Emphasis mine).
They propose that Israel transform the Abalance of power@ in the Middle East by removing from power all of its enemies in the region, focusing first on Saddam Hussein in Iraq, and then on Lebanon and Syria.
Israel should form an axis consisting of Israel, Turkey and Jordan:
AIsrael can shape its strategic environment, in cooperation with Turkey and Jordan, by weakening, containing and even rolling back Syria. This effort can focus on removing Saddam Hussein from power in Iraq B an important Israeli strategic objective in its own right B as a means of foiling Syria=s regional ambitions. Jordan has challenged Syria=s regional ambitions recently by suggesting the restoration of the Hashemites in Iraq.@
Israel should:
Awork
closely with Turkey and Jordan to contain, de-stabilize, and roll-back
[regional threats, help overthrow Saddam Hussein and strike] Syrian military
targets in Lebanon [as well as possibly in Syria proper]@ (p.
103. Lobe 2003, pp. 1-3. Steinberg 2003, pp. 1-2. Buchanan 2003, pp. 1-23.
Emphases mine).
(The Neoconservative Movement B Chronology, continued)
(1996, continued)
2. The U.S. Joint Chiefs of Staff publish, AJoint Vision 2010@ which declares:
AFull Spectrum Dominance [is] the capability to dominate an opponent across the range of military operations . . . [This] will be the key characteristic we seek for our Armed Forces in the 21st century@ (meaning that full spectrum dominance will include dominance in space as well as on land, on water and in air, where U.S. dominance has already been achieved) (p. 92. Emphasis mine).
3. Robert Kagan, influential neocon foreign policy analyst, argues that the United States should use its military strength:
Aactively to maintain a world order which both supports and rests upon American hegemony@ (p. 89. Emphasis mine).
(The Neoconservative Movement B Chronology, continued)
1997
1. In June, William Kristol and Robert Kagan co-found the Project for the New American Century, a unipolarist think-tank.
The members of the Project include many who would have a major influence on the George W. Bush administration:
* Elliott
Abrams (2005-Present) Special Assistant to the President for Global
Democracy Strategy.
* John Bolton (2005-Present) U.S. Representative to the
United Nations.
* Richard Cheney (2001-Present) Vice-president.
* Eliot Cohen (2001-Present) Member, Department of Defense, Defense Policy Board Advisory Committee.
* Paula Dobriansky (2005-Present) Under-secretary of State for Democracy Promotion, Public Diplomacy and Global Affairs.
* Zalmay Khalilzad (2003-2005) Ambassador to Afghanistan,
and (2005-Present) Ambassador to Iraq.
* Lewis AScooter@ Libby (2001-2005) Chief of Staff and Assistant for National Security Affairs to Vice-president Richard Cheney.
* Richard Perle (2001-2003) Chair, Department of Defense,
Defense Policy Board Advisory Committee.
* Peter Rodman (2001-Present) Assistant Secretary of Defense for International Security Affairs.
* Donald Rumsfeld (2001-Present) Secretary of Defense.
* Paul Wolfowitz (2005-Present) President of the World Bank.
* James Woolsey (2001-2005) Member, Department of Defense, Defense Policy Board Advisory Committee.
(The Neoconservative Movement B Chronology, continued)
(1997, continued)
(William Kristol and Robert Kagan, continued)
The Statement of Principles of the Project argues:
A[To exert] global leadership, [America needs to] challenge regimes hostile to our interests and values@ (Emphasis mine).
Within the document, the authors ask whether the United States has:
Athe resolve to shape a new century favorable to American principles and interests@ (pp. 89-90 and 96. Emphasis mine).
2. The U.S. Space Command (a division of the Air Force) publishes AVision for 2020@ which declares that:
A[the unique mission of the Space Command is to] dominate the space dimension of military operations . . . [Full Spectrum Dominance will be achieved by the merging of this] space superiority with [that of] land, sea and air@ (p. 92. Emphasis mine).
(The Neoconservative Movement B Chronology, continued)
(1997, continued)
3. Zbigniew Brzezinski, former (1977-1981) National Security Council Advisor, publishes AThe Grand Chessboard B American Primacy and its geo-strategic Imperatives,@ a book in which he portrays Central Asia, with its vast oil reserves, as the key to world power. He argues that to ensure its continued primacy, America must get control of the region, and keep this control by the use of military bases.
Brzezinski describes the beneficial shock effect of Pearl Harbor, in 1941, and then notes the resistance to the needed push for empire which American democracy presents. A Asudden threat@ is needed:
A[The public was willing to support] America=s engagement in World War II largely because of the shock effect of the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor@ (Emphasis mine).
AAmerica is too democratic at home to be autocratic abroad . . . The economic self-denial (that is, defense spending) and the human sacrifice (casualties even among professional soldiers) required in the effort are uncongenial to democratic instincts. Democracy is inimical to imperial mobilization.@
AThe pursuit of power is not a goal that commands population passion, except in conditions of a sudden threat or challenge to the public=s sense of domestic well-being . . . [such as] a truly massive and widely perceived direct external threat@ (pp. 100-101 and 221. Emphasis mine).
4. In December, Paul Wolfowitz, now Dean at the Johns Hopkins University, Paul H. Nitze School of Advanced International Studies, and Zalmay Khalilzad, Director of the Strategy and Force Structure Program, Project Air Force, at the RAND Corporation, co-author, in the Weekly Standard, an article entitled, ASaddam must go@ (pp. 103 and 222. Emphasis mine).
5. John Bolton, now pro bono assistant to James Baker, in Baker=s capacity as the personal envoy to the Western Sahara of United Nations Secretary General Kofi Annan, writes an op-ed in the Wall Street Journal, denigrating international treaties:
ATreaties are law only for U.S. domestic purposes. In their international operation, treaties are simply political obligations@ (Barry 2005).
(The Neoconservative Movement B Chronology, continued)
1998
1. On January 26th, eighteen members of the Project for a New American Century send a letter to President William Clinton.
Among the signatories are:
* Richard
Cheney, then Chair of the Board, and Chief Executive Officer,
Haliburton (a giant energy company).
* William Kristol, then co-director, with Robert Kagan,
of the Project for the New American Century.
* Richard Perle, then Member, Department of Defense,
Defense Policy Board Advisory Committee.
* Donald Rumsfeld, then Chair of the Board, Gilead
Sciences (a pharmaceutical company), and Chair, Department of Defense, U.S.
Ballistic Missile Threat Commission.
* Paul Wolfowitz, then Dean, Johns Hopkins University,
Paul H. Nitze School of Advanced International Studies.
The signatories urge Clinton to:
Aundertake military action [to eliminate] the possibility that Iraq will be able to use, or threaten to use, weapons of mass destruction@ (Emphasis mine).
They call for Clinton to:
Atake the necessary steps, including military steps . . . to remove Saddam=s regime from power@ (pp. 96, 103, 220 and 222. Wikipedia.org AKhalilzad.@ Emphasis mine).
2. On January 30th, William Kristol and Robert Kagan, co-directors of the Project for a New American Century, co-author an op-ed, in the New York Times, entitled, ABombing Iraq is not enough,@ and calling for:
Afinishing
the job left undone in 1991@
(pp. 103 and 222. Emphasis mine).
(The Neoconservative Movement B Chronology, continued)
(1998, continued)
3. On October 12th, William Kristol and Robert Kagan write, in the Weekly Standard, that unless America takes charge, we will have:
Aworld chaos, and a dangerous 21st century@ (pp. 89 and 218).
4. In November, Philip Zelikow, then Director of the Aspen Strategy Group (a foreign policy strategy group), and later Executive Director of the National Commission on Terrorist Attacks upon the United States (the 9/11 Commission), is co-author of an essay, in Foreign Affairs, entitled, ACatastrophic Terrorism B Tackling the New Danger.@
The authors, perhaps influenced by Zbigniew Brzezinski=s reference to Pearl Harbor, in his 1997 book, AThe Grand Chessboard,@ echo his thoughts about the catalytic effects a sudden threat to national security might have on the nation:
AIf the device that exploded in 1993 under the World Trade Center had been nuclear, or had effectively dispersed a deadly pathogen, the resulting horror and chaos would have exceeded our ability to describe it. Such an act of catastrophic terrorism would be a watershed event in American history. It could involve loss of life and property unprecedented in peacetime and undermine America=s fundamental sense of security . . . Like Pear Harbor, this event would divide our past and future into a before and after. The United States might respond with draconian measures, scaling back civil liberties, allowing wider surveillance of citizens, detention of suspects, and use of deadly force@ (pp. 98 and 220. Emphasis mine).
(The Neoconservative Movement B Chronology, continued)
1999
President William Clinton withdraws his support for an 890-mile, oil-and gas pipeline which the Union Oil Company of California (UNOCAL) wants to build from Turkmenistan, through Afghanistan, to sea ports in Pakistan, at the cost of $2,000,000,000 (in competition with plans of oil companies based in other countries).
Clinton shifts his support to the building of a pipeline from Azerbaijan, through Georgia, to Turkey. UNOCAL becomes convinced that under the Taliban, Afghanistan will never have the peace and stability needed for the pipeline project, and withdraws its interest (p. 101. Center for Media & Democracy 2005, p. 2. International Relations Center, AKhalilzad@ 2003, p. 1).
(The Neoconservative Movement B Chronology, continued)
2000
1. In September, four months before the Bush-Cheney administration takes office, The Project for a New American Century publishes a 76-page document entitled, ARebuilding America=s Defenses.@ The principal authors are Paul Wolfowitz, Dean, Johns Hopkins University, Paul H. Nitze School of Advanced International Studies, and Lewis AScooter@ Libby, Managing Partner at Dechert, Price and Rhoads (a real estate mortgage law firm, in Philadelphia, PA).
The authors state:
AAt present, the United States faces no global rival . . . America=s grand strategy should aim to preserve and extend this advantageous position [and thereby] preserve and enhance [the] >American peace=. . . The basic tenets of the Defense Planning Guidance [1992 Wolfowitz draft], in our judgment, remain sound . . . The next president of the United States . . . must increase military spending to preserve American geopolitical leadership@ (pp. 90 and 92-93. Emphasis mine).
The authors single out the necessity of increased funding for the U.S. Space command:
AThe ability to have access to, operate in, and dominate the aerospace environment has become the key to military success in modern, high-technology warfare . . . [Increased spending must include not only] missile defense [but also] placing . . . weapons in space . . . The ability to conduct strikes from space [will give the U.S. military] a global first-strike force@ (pp. 92-93. Emphases mine).
The development of space-based weapons is presented as a major aspect, Asufficiently important to consider it a separate mission,@ of a needed general transformation of the military to take advantage of information technologies. The authors admit, however, that the needed transformation will be slow, should the present climate of opinion in the country continue.
Echoing Zbigniew Brzezinski (1997) and Philip Zelikow (1998), the authors refer to a Anew Pearl Harbor@ as a possible catalytic event for an otherwise slow process of national change:
AThe process of transformation, even if it brings revolutionary change, is likely to be a long one, absent some catastrophic and catalyzing event B like a new Pearl Harbor@ (p. 93. Emphasis mine).
(The Neoconservative Movement B Chronology, continued)
(2000, continued)
(Project for a New American Century, continued)
The authors focus on Iraq:
AThe United States has for decades sought to play a more permanent role in Gulf regional security . . . While the unresolved conflict with Iraq provides the immediate justification, the need for a substantial American force presence in the Gulf transcends the issue of the regime of Saddam Hussein@ (p. 103. Emphases mine).
2. The Pentagon publishes AJoint Vision 2020,@ which describes Full Spectrum Dominance as involving not four but five dimensions:
ASpace,
sea, land, air and information.@
AGiven the global nature of our interests and obligations, the United States must maintain its overseas presence forces and the ability to rapidly project power worldwide in order to achieve full spectrum dominance@ (p. 92. Emphases mine).
(The Neoconservative Movement B Chronology, continued)
2001
1. On January 7th, as the Bush-Cheney administration is about to take office, the Commission to assess U.S. National Security Space Management and Organization, (the Rumsfeld Commission), issues its recommendations on the military use of space.
The Commission advises:
A[The United States should] employ space systems to help speed the transformation of the U. S. military into a modern force able to deter and defend against evolving threats directed at . . . [its] forward deployed forces@ (meaning that space weapons would prevent attacks on the U.S.=s offensive operations) (p. 93; Griffin 2005, pp. 120-121; summarized in Hall 2005, p. 15. Emphasis mine).
The Commission warns against the tendency to consider improbable an attack on U.S. space satellites, and considers how the people of the United States could be mobilized into accepting the changes necessary to decrease the country=s space vulnerability:
Echoing Zbigniew Brzezinki (1997), Philip Zelikow (1998), and both Paul Wolfowitz and Lewis AScooter@ Libby (2000), Donald Rumsfeld again refers to the galvanizing effects which a Anew Pearl Harbor,@ this time in space, would have on the American population:
AHistory is replete with instances in which warning signs were ignored and change resisted until an external, >improbable= event forced resistant bureaucracies to take action. The question is whether the U.S. will be wise enough to act responsibly, and soon enough, to reduce U.S. space vulnerability. Or, whether, as in the past, a disabling attack against the country and its people B a >Space Pearl Harbor= B will be the only event able to galvanize the nation and cause the U.S. Government to act@ (pp. 93-94. Emphasis mine).
(The Neoconservative Movement B Chronology, continued)
(2001, continued)
2. On January 15th, Robert Kagan, writing in the Weekly Standard, criticizes:
AClinton and his advisers . . . [for] having the stomach only to be halfway imperialists@ (pp. 89 and 218).
3. On February 1st,
(with the Bush-Cheney administration now in office), the Hart-Rudman (21st
Century) Commission, a bipartisan panel led by former U.S. Senators Warren Rudman and Gary Hart, issues its final
Report. The panel estimates that the
likelihood of terrorist attacks in the U.S. is increasing, and warrants the
creation of a Cabinet-level agency to assume responsibility for defending the
country against this threat.
The Report states:
AThe
combination of unconventional weapons proliferation with the persistence of
international terrorism, will end the relative invulnerability of the U.S.
homeland to catastrophic attack. A
direct attack against American citizens on American soil is likely over the
next quarter century@
(Emergency Response and Research Institute 2001,
pp. 1-2)
4. In July, at a meeting in Berlin,
representatives of the Bush administration try to persuade the Taliban to share
power with U.S.-friendly factions in a Aunity
government.@ President George W. Bush has resumed U.S. government support of an
oil-and-gas pipeline through Afghanistan and wants to give the Taliban one last
chance to stabilize the country sufficiently to make it possible (p. 101).
The American representatives give the Taliban an ultimatum:
AEither you accept our offer of a carpet of gold, or we bury you under a carpet of bombs@ (p. 101).
The Taliban representatives refuse. The Americans counter:
AMilitary
action against Afghanistan [will] go ahead . . . before the snows start
falling in Afghanistan, by the middle of October at the latest@ (pp.
101 and 221. Emphasis mine).
(The Neoconservative Movement B Chronology, continued)
(2001, continued)
5. In September:
a. On September 11th:
i. In the evening, President George W. Bush addresses the nation, and hints at a strike on Afghanistan:
AWe will make no distinction between the terrorists who committed these acts and those who harbor them@ (p. 99).
ii. Echoing Zbigniew Brzezinski (1997), Philip Zelikow (1998), both Paul Wolfowitz and Lewis AScooter@ Libby (2000), and Donald Rumsfeld (2001), President George W. Bush (according to the Washington Post), writes in his diary:
AThe Pearl Harbor of the 21st century took place today@ (pp. 94 and 219. Emphasis mine).
iii During a news briefing he holds that evening, Defense Secretary Donald Rumsfeld points to Senator Carl Levin, Chair of the Senate Armed Services Committee:
ASenator Levin, you and other Democrats in Congress have voiced fear that you simply don=t have enough money for the large increase in defense that the Pentagon is seeking, especially for missile defense . . . Does this sort of thing convince you that an emergency exists in this country to increase defense spending?@ (pp. 95 and 219).
iv. Henry Kissinger, member of the Defense Policy Board Advisory Committee, writes, in the Washington Post, ADestroy the Network@ (pp. 94 and 219. Emphasis mine).
v. Lance Morrow writes, in Time Magazine, AThe Case for Rage and Retribution@ (pp. 94 and 219. Emphasis mine).
(The Neoconservative Movement B Chronology, continued)
(2001, continued)
b. On September 12th, Robert Kagan writes, in the Washington Post, AWe must fight this War@ (pp. 94 and 219).
c. On September 13th, President George W. Bush, speaking by telephone with New York Mayor Rudy Giuliani (mayor 1993-Present) and New York Governor George Pataki (governor 1995-Present), already mentions the opportunity the tragedy has created:
AThrough the tears of sadness, I see an opportunity@ (pp. 94 and 219. Emphasis mine).
5. In October:
a. On October 10th, the U.S. State Department informs Usman Aminuddin, Federal Minister for Petroleum and Natural Resources of Pakistan (minister 1999-2003), that:
Ain view of recent geopolitical developments [UNOCAL is ready to go ahead with the pipeline project]@ (p. 101).
b. On October 12th, during an interview with the New York Times, Defense Secretary Donald Rumsfeld echoes President Bush (September 13, 2001), in considering the opportunities the tragedy has created:
A[9/11 created] the kind of opportunities that World War II offered, to refashion the world@ (pp. 94 and 219. Emphasis mine).
c. The United States establishes long-term military bases in Afghanistan, and arranges for long-term bases in Pakistan, Kyrgyzstan, and Uzbekistan (p. 102).
6. On December 7th, Hamid Karzai, former consultant for UNOCAL, becomes the head of the interim government in Afghanistan. In 2004, Karzai would become President of Afghanistan (p. 101. Center for Media & Democracy AKarzai@ 2005, p. 1. Ruppert 2004, p. 99).
(The Neoconservative Movement B Chronology, continued)
2002
1. In March, National Security Advisor Condoleezza Rice speaking to senior members of the National Security Council, echoes President Bush (September 13, 2001), and Donald Rumsfeld (October 12, 2001), in urging them to think about opportunities presented by the tragedy:
AHow do you capitalize on these opportunities [to fundamentally change American doctrine, and the shape of the world, in the wake of September 11th] (pp. 94 and 219. Emphasis mine).
2. In April, National Security Advisor Condoleezza Rice, makes a public address on terrorism and foreign policy. She echoes President Bush (September 13, 2001), Donald Rumsfeld (October 12, 2001), and herself (March 2002) in reminding the population of the opportunities created by the tragedy:
AIf the collapse of the Soviet Union and 9/11 bookend a major shift in international politics, then this is a period not just of grave danger, but of enormous opportunity@ (pp. 94 and 219. Emphasis mine).
3. On June 1st, during his graduation speech at West Point, President George W. Bush for the first time explicitly expresses the idea of preventive war (attacking another country even though it poses no immediate threat) B an idea which would become known as Athe Bush doctrine.@
At the beginning of his speech, the President states that:
A[in relation to the] new threats, [deterrence] means nothing . . . [and containment is] not possible.@
The President then uses the word Apre-emption@ (attacking a country when the danger of an attack by it, is too imminent to allow time for the United Nations to intervene) in the traditional sense of the word Aprevention@:
AIf we wait for threats to fully materialize, we will have waited too long@ (Emphasis mine).
A[America=s security] will require all Americans . . . to be ready for pre-emptive action@ (meaning preventive action) (pp. 96-97 and 220).
(The Neoconservative Movement B Chronology, continued)
(2002, continued)
4. In September, one year after the 9/11 attacks, President George W. Bush issues the document, ANational Security Strategy of the United States of America. The principal author is Philip Zelikow, then member of the Foreign Intelligence Advisory Board [later (January 2003) to be appointed Executive Director of the 9/11 Commission, by President Bush] (p. 98).
In his cover letter, the President states his plans for preventive war:
A[with regards to] our enemies= efforts to acquire dangerous technologies, [America will, in self-defense], act against such emerging threats before they are fully formed@ (pp. 97 and 220. Emphasis mine).
Echoing President Bush (September 13, 2001), Donald Rumsfeld (October 12, 2001), Condoleezza Rice (March and April, 2002), Philip Zelikow notes the opportunities which 9/11 has engendered:
AThe events of September 11, 2001, . . . opened vast, new opportunities@ (p. 95. Emphasis mine).
The document makes official the policy of achieving military supremacy:
AWe must build and maintain our defenses beyond challenge [so that we can] dissuade future military competition@ (pp. 94 and 219. Emphasis mine).
(The Neoconservative Movement B Chronology, continued)
(2002, continued)
(In September, continued)
The document lays out the new doctrine of preventive war:
AOur best defense is a good offense@ (p. 97).
AGiven the goals of rogue states and terrorists, the United States can no longer rely on a reactive posture as we have in the past. The inability to deter a potential attacker, the immediacy of today=s threats, and the magnitude of potential harm that could be caused by our adversaries= choice of weapons, do not permit that option. We cannot let our enemies strike first@ (pp. 97 and 220).
To justify the doctrine of prevention, the document argues that the United States must Aadapt@ the long recognized right of pre-emption, to the new situation, and turn it into a right of anticipatory (preventive) action:
AFor centuries, international law recognized that nations need not suffer an attack before they can lawfully take action to defend themselves against forces that present an imminent danger of attack . . . We must adapt the concept of imminent threat to the capabilities and objectives of today=s adversaries . . . The United States has long maintained the option of pre-emptive actions to counter a sufficient threat to our national security. The greater the threat, . . . the more compelling the case for taking anticipatory action to defend ourselves, even if uncertainty remains as to the time and place of the enemy=s attack. To forestall or prevent such hostile act by our adversaries, the United States will, if necessary, act pre-emptively@ (meaning preventively) (p. 97. Emphasis mine).
(The Neoconservative Movement B Chronology, continued)
2003
On January 27th, more than sixteen months after the 9/11 attacks, the National Commission on Terrorist Attacks upon the United States (the 9/11 Commission), holds its first meeting, in Washington.
The Executive Director of the Commission is Philip Zelikow:
* Principal author of the National Security Strategy of the United States of America (2002).
* At the University of Virginia:
C Director of the Miller Center of Public Affairs (a center dedicated to the study of the presidency).
C White Burkett Miller Professor of History.
2004
1. On April 13th, addressing the nation, President George W. Bush considers the two lessons of 9/11:
A[that his country] must deal with gathering threats [and that it] must go on the offense and stay on the offense@ (pp. 99 and 220. Emphasis mine).
2. On July 22nd, the 9/11 Commission publishes its Final Report (911 Research.com 2006, p. 4).
3. On December 7th, Hamid Karzai becomes President of Afghanistan (Center for Media & Democracy 2005, p. 1).
CONCLUSIONS
1. Consistency: The formulation of the neoconservative agenda was done during the Clinton administration (1993-2001). It was ready to be implemented when President George W. Bush took office in January 2001. Within eight months, the neocon had their wished-for Anew Pearl Harbor.@ They themselves had organized it.
a. Consistency with other Features of the Attacks: The view that a Anew Pearl Harbor@ was wished-for and organized by the U.S. Government, is consistent with the evidence related to 9/11 attacks themselves.
It is consistent with:
i. The physical features of the attacks, such as the type of destruction the buildings sustained, which buildings were affected, and the size of the hole left at the Pentagon.
ii. The behavior of officials around the
time of the attacks, including President Bush, secret service agents, the
Department of Defense, the FBI, the CIA, and the airlines.
iii. Otherwise unexplainable concurrent events, such as specific swings in the stock market in the days before the attacks (Griffin 2004; summarized in Hall 2004a. Griffin 2005; summarized in Hall 2005. Griffin 2006a. Griffin 2006b. Hufschmid 2002. Meyssan 2002. Ruppert 2004; summarized in Hall 2004b).
b. Consistency with other Features of the Bush Administration: The view that 9/11 was organized by the government, is also consistent with signature characteristics of the George W. Bush administration:
It is consistent with the administration=s:
i. Dramatic and relished increase in power after the attacks.
ii. Probable stealing of the 2004 elections (Miller 2005. Palast 2004, pp. 6-43. Palast 2006, pp. 187-276).
iii. Arrogance and unilateralism on both the domestic and international fronts.
(Conclusion, continued)
(Consistency, continued)
iv. Egregious lying, such as on the reasons for the wars in Afghanistan and Iraq, and perhaps even now on Israel=s wars against the Gaza Strip and Lebanon. The lying is accompanied by omissions and distortions (Corn 2003. Sheer, Scheer and Chaudhry 2003).
v. Extreme secrecy (Hightower 2006a).
vi. Illegal spying programs on American citizens (Hightower 2006b).
vii. Disregard for the American people, as exemplified in the Hurricane Katrina disaster, and the Social Security Areforms.@
viii. Consistent favoring of the rich (its power base) against the poor.
ix. Oblivion to the effects of the country=s rising debt on the lives of subsequent generations.
x. Disdain of international law as revealed by a systematic breaking, undermining and even abrogating of international treaties (Boyle 2004).
xi. Undermining of the United Nations, as exemplified by the August 1, 2005, recess appointment of John Bolton as United States Representative to the United Nations. Bolton has long been vocal about his opposition and disdain for the Organization.
xii. Denial of major threats to life on the planet, such as global warming, the effects of genetic engineering, the rapid extinction of species, the enormous number of the desperately poor, global epidemics (such as HIV/AIDS and Avian Flu) and the scarcity of fresh water.
(Conclusion, continued)
(Consistency, continued)
xiii. Planning for a nuclear war to, from and in space.
xiv. Developing a Anew generation@ of nuclear weapons.
xv. Official policy of torture, denied, of course (Hall 2006).
Perhaps the only way to survive in the world which the Bush administration is building, is to be rich and immune to any feelings about the lives of others B a completely egocentric stance, revealing a very low level of consciousness indeed.
A Male Preserve: Of the 40 persons described in the present document as playing a significant role around the events of 9/11, 38 are men B 95 percent. The two women are Paula Dobriansky and Condoleezza Rice.
Paid to have a Narrow Consciousness: Our leaders are paid to have a narrow view of the world. Specifically, they are paid to take care of the short-term interest of one group of people B the American people. It should not be surprising that they place abstract, more remote issues, such as global warming, low on their agenda. Even the United States representative at the United Nations (John Bolton, 2005-Present), narrowly represents the United States. The United States has no one representing all of us on the globe, all people, all existence, all life on earth B not just a segment of these.
An Autocratic Hierarchy: Our leaders thrive in the autocratic system which our system of government is. There is one boss and a hierarchy under him, each person fulfilling a particular role, doing a specific task and responding to his/her superior. It is hard to understand how people successful in such a system would be avid advocates for a democratic system, where all people have equal value. It is more probable that such people would favor a system which has brought them success. The hallmark of a dominator hierarchy is that one listens to one=s superior much more attentively than one listens to one=s inferiors.
ABBREVIATED
BIOGRAPHIES
Elliott Abrams
2005-Present
Special Assistant to the President for Global Democracy Strategy.
2002-Present
National Security Council, Senior Director for Near East and North African Affairs (an area which includes Israel and Palestine). He replaces Zalmay Khalilzad.
2002-2005
National Security Council, Special Assistant to the President
2001-2002
National Security Council, Special Assistant to the President and Senior Director for Democracy, Human Rights and International Operations.
1992
On Christmas Eve, is pardoned by President George H. W. Bush for the charges brought against him by the Iran-Contra special prosecutor B intentionally deceiving Congress about the role of the administration in supporting the Contras in Nicaragua, and his own central role in this Iran-Contra arms deal.
During the 1980=s, the Contras were a group organized and funded by the United States government, under President Ronald Reagan, to spearhead a counter-revolution against the Sandinista government in Nicaragua. Congress had prohibited military support for the Contras because of their human rights abuses.
Nevertheless, the United States government continued its support for the Contras B illegally. The money came from the sale of arms to Iran, which at the time, was involved in the Iran-Iraq war, a war in which, officially, the United States was on Iraq=s side. Israel acted as the major broker between Iran and the Contras. Elliot Abrams oversaw the operation.
Abrams pleaded guilty to two lesser offenses (including withholding information from Congress) in order to avoid a trial and a possible jail term.
1985-1989
Department of State, Assistant Secretary of State for Inter-American Affairs.
1981-1985
Department of State, Assistant Secretary of State for Human Rights and Humanitarian Affairs.
Usman Aminuddin
1999-2003
Pakistan, Federal Minister for Petroleum and Natrual Resources.
Richard Armitage (1945-)
2001-2005
United States Deputy Secretary of State.
1983-1989
Assistant Secretary of Defense for International Security Affairs.
John Bolton (1948-)
2006
In July, President George W. Bush re-submits the nomination of John Bolton for confirmation by the Senate as U.S. Representative to the United Nations.
2005-Present
As of August 1, 2005, United States Representative to the United Nations. (President George W. Bush has appointed Bolton during the Congressional recess, after the Senate blocked the nomination. Bolton=s term ends January 2007).
2001-2005
Under-secretary of State for Arms Control and International Security Affairs
2000
Works closely with James Baker, to block recount efforts in Florida. (The U.S. Supreme Court orders a halt to the recount).
1997-2000
Works pro bono as assistant to James Baker, in Baker=s capacity as personal envoy of United Nations Secretary General Kofi Annan to the Western Sahara.
In 1997, in an op-ed in the Wall Street Journal, denigrates international treaties.
1993-1999
Associate in the business and corporate law firm Covington & Burling, Washington, D.C.
Partner in the law firm Lerner, Reed, Bolton & McManus, Washington, D.C.
In 1994, overtly denigrates the United Nations during a speech to the World Federalist Association.
1989-1993
Assistant Secretary for International Organization Affairs.
1985-1989
Department of Justice, Assistant Attorney General
1982-1983
U.S. Agency for International Development, Assistant Administrator for Program and Policy Coordination.
1981-1982
U.S. Agency for International Development, General Counsel.
Zbigniew Brzezinski (1928-)
1981-Present
Johns Hopkins University, School of Advanced International Studies, Professor of American Foreign Policy, and Center for Strategic and International Studies, Scholar.
1997
Publishes AThe Grand Chessboard B American Primacy and its geo-strategic Imperatives,@ a book in which he frankly discusses the U.S. empire.
1977-1981
National Security Council Advisor (under President Jimmy Carter).
George W. Bush
2001-Present
President of the United States.
Richard Cheney (1941-)
2001-Present
Vice-president of the United States.
1995-2000
Haliburton (a giant energy company), Chair of the Board, and Chief Executive Officer.
1993-1995
American Enterprise Institute.
1989-1993
United States Secretary of Defense (under President George H. W. Bush).
1979-1989
United States Representative for Wyoming.
1975-1977
White House Chief of Staff (under President Gerald Ford).
William Clinton
1993-2001
President of the United States.
Eliot Cohen
2001-Present
Department of Defense, Member,
Defense Policy Board Advisory Committee.
1990
Office of the Secretary of Defense, Staff for Policy Planning.
Paula Dobriansky (1955-)
2005-Present
As of July 2005, an extension of Dobriansky=s portfolio makes her also Under-secretary of State for Democracy Promotion.
2001- Present
Under-secretary of State for
Public Diplomacy and Global Affairs.
1990-1993
U.S. Information Agency, Associate Director for Policy and Programs.
1987-1990
Department of State, Deputy Assistant Secretary for Human Rights and Humanitarian Affairs.
Rudolph Giulani
1993-Present
Mayor of New York City.
Gary Hart (1936-)
1998-2001
Co-chair, with Warren Rudman, of the National Commission on Terrorism (the Hart-Rudman Commission), mandated to study homeland security.
1975-1987
United States Senator for Colorado.
Robert Kagan
2003
Washington Post columnist.
1997
In June, co-founds, with William Kristol, the Project for the New American Century.
Herman Kahn (1922-1983)
Around 1964
At the RAND Corporation, studies the application of game theory and systems analysis to military strategy.
1961
Founds the Hudson Institute, where he would continue his research, with a special interest in making predictions of the future.
Hamid Karzai (1957-)
2004-Present
In December, becomes President of Afghanistan.
2002
In June, becomes President of the loya jirga (Grand Council).
2001
In December, becomes head of the Afghan interim government.
Mid-1990=s
Consultant for UNOCAL.
?
Deputy foreign minister for the Taliban.
Zalmay Khalilzad
2005-Present
As of June 21st, United States Ambassador to Iraq.
2003-2005
As of September 24, 2003, Ambassador to Afghanistan.
2002
The President=s Special Envoy to Afghanistan.
2001-2002
As of May 2001, National Security Council, Senior Director for the Gulf Region.
2000-2001
Department of Defense, Chairman, Bush-Cheney Transition Team, and Special Assistant to the President (under President George W. Bush).
1997
Joins UNOCAL officials at a reception for an invited Taliban delegation to Texas.
1995
Publishes a book, From Containment to global Leadership? America and the World after the Cold War.
1993-1999
RAND Corporation, Director of the Strategy and Force Structure Program, Project Air Force.
Mid-1990=s
Consultant for the UNOCAL Corporation, from his base at Cambridge Energy Research Associates, where he conducts risk analyses for a proposed natural gas pipeline from Turkmenistan, through Afghanistan, to Pakistan.
1991-1992
Assistant Deputy Under-secretary of Defense for Policy Planning.
1985-1999
Special Advisor to the Under-secretary of State for Political Affairs, especially for the Iran-Iraq war and the Soviet war in Afghanistan.
Henry Kissinger (1923-)
2001-2005
Department of Defense, Member, Defense Policy Board Advisory Committee.
1977-Present
Chairman, Kissinger Associates (an international consulting firm).
1973-1977
United States Secretary of State (under Presidents Nixon and Ford).
1969-1975
Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs.
Charles Krauthammer (1950-)
At Present
Washington Post columnist. Syndicated neoconservative columnist and television commentator.
1980
Speech writer for Vice-president Walter Mondale.
1978
Director of psychiatric research planning for the administration of President Jimmy Carter.
1975
Psychiatrist, Massachusetts General Hospital.
1972 Earns an M.D. from Harvard University School of Medicine.
Irving Kristol (1920-) (father of William Kristol)
1988-Present
Senior Fellow, American Enterprise Institute.
1985
Founds The National Interest, a foreign affairs journal.
William Kristol (son of Irving Kristol)
1997
In June, co-founds, with Robert Kagan, the Project for the New American Century.
1995
With funds from Rupert Murdoch, co-founds, with John Podhoretz, the Weekly Standard. Today, the magazine is considered a must-read for understanding the policies of the George W. Bush administration.
1989-1992
Office of Vice-president, Chief of Staff (under Vice-president Dan Quayle).
Carl Levin (1934-)
2001-2003
United States Senate, Chair, Committee on Armed Services.
1979-2003, and re-elected in 2003 for the term ending in 2009.
United States Senator for Michigan.
Lewis AScooter@ Libby (1950-)
2005
On October 28th, is charged by a federal grand jury with five felonies alleging obstruction of justice, perjury to a grand jury, and making false statements to FBI agents. Jury selection for his trial is expected to begin in January 2007.
The charges are in connection with the outing of undercover CIA operative Valerie Plame, wife of former Ambassador Joseph Wilson IV who, in 2003, had countered the claim of the Bush administration that Niger had exported uranium yellow cake to Iraq. In 2001, Wilson himself had made a trip to Niger, and had found the allegation false.
Libby has admitted to the grand jury that, on July 8, 2003, he mentioned Valerie Plame during a meeting with New York Times reporter Judith Miler.
After Judith Miller had spent three months in federal prison for refusing to reveal her sources about Plame=s identity, Libby gave her a personal waiver, and she then agreed to testify.
2001-2005
Chief of Staff to Vice-president Richard Cheney. In 2005, he is replaced by David Addington.
Assistant for National Security Affairs to Vice-president Richard Cheney. In 2005, he is replaced by John Hannah.
1995-2001
Managing Partner, Dechert, Price and Rhoads (a real estate mortgage law firm, in Philadelphia, PA).
In 2000, drafts, with Paul Wolfowitz, the Project for a New American Century paper, ARebuilding America=s Defenses.@
1992-1993
Deputy Under-secretary of Defense for Policy.
In 1992, drafts, with Paul Wolfowitz, the ADefense Policy Guidance,@ for the Pentagon. The document is widely regarded as an early blueprint for the policies of preventive (mis-named Apre-emptive=) defense and foreign intervention carried out by President George W. Bush.
Andrew Marshall
1973-Present
Department of Defense, Director of the Office of Net Assessment
Before 1973
RAND Corporation, nuclear strategist.
Lance Morrow
1965-Present
Writer for Time Magazine.
Benjamin Netanyahu
1996-1999
Prime Minister of Israel.
George Pataki
1995-Present
Governor of New York State.
Richard Perle
At Present
Fellow, American Enterprise Institute.
2003-2004
Department of Defense, Member, Defense Policy Board Advisory Committee. Resigns in February 2004.
2001-2003
Department of Defense, Chair, Defense Policy Board Advisory Committee (under Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld). In 2003, resigns the chairmanship because of pressure for conflicts of interest. Retains his membership on the Board.
1987-2001
Department of Defense, Member, Defense Policy Board Advisory Committee.
Institute for Advanced Strategic and Political Studies (a think-tank founded in 1984, in Jerusalem, Israel, with an affiliated office in Washington, D.C.).
1981-1987
Assistant Secretary of Defense for International Security Policy (under President Ronald Reagan).
Norman Podhoretz
1995-?
Senior Fellow, Hudson Institute.
1995
Co-founds, with William Kristol, the Weekly Standard, today considered a must-read to understand the policies of the George W. Bush administration.
Condoleezza Rice (1954-)
2005-Present
On January 26th, appointed United States Secretary of State (under President George W. Bush). Rice replaces Colin Powell. On February 5, 2005, ten days after her appointment, Rice would appoint Philip Zelikow (who completed the 9/11 Commission Report in July 2004), as Counselor of the Department of State.
2001-2005
National Security Advisor (under President George W. Bush).
Until 2001 (January 15th)
Chevron Corporation, Chair, Committee on Public Policy. Chevron names an oil tanker after her.
1993-1999
Stanford University, Provost. (Previously Rice had been Professor of Political Science at Stanford).
1997
Co-authors, with Philip Zelikow, the book, Germany unified and Europe transformed B a Study in Statecraft.
1989-1991
National Security Council, Director for Soviet and East European Affairs (under President George H. W. Bush).
Special Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs.
James Roche
At Present
Johns Hopkins University.
2001-2005
Department of Defense, Secretary of the Air Force.
Peter Rodman (1943-)
2001-Present
Department of Defense,
Assistant Secretary for International Security Affairs.
1987-1990
Special Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs.
National Security Council, Counselor.
Warren Rudman (1930-)
1981-1993
United States Senator for New Hampshire.
1998-2001
Co-chair, with Gary Hart, of the National Commission on Terrorism (the Hart-Rudman Commission), mandated to study homeland security.
Donald Rumsfeld (1932-)
2001- Present
United States Secretary of Defense (under President George W. Bush).
1993-2001
Chair of the Board, Gilead Sciences (a pharmaceutical company).
In 2000, Chair, U.S. Commission to assess National Security Space Management and Organization (the Rumsfeld Commission).
1998, Chair, U.S. Ballistic Missile Threat Commission.
1985-1990
Senior Advisor to William Blair & Co., an investment banking firm.
1975-1977
United States Secretary of Defense (under President Gerald Ford).
1974-1975
Chair, Transition Team for President Gerald Ford.
Chief of Staff (under President Gerald Ford).
Member of the Cabinet (under President Gerald Ford).
1973-1974
United States Ambassador to the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) (under President Richard Nixon).
1971-1972
Counselor to President Richard Nixon.
1963-1969
United States Representative from Illinois.
Resigns in 1969 to become Assistant to President Richard Nixon (a cabinet post).
Brent Scowcroft (1925-)
2001-2003
Chair, President=s Foreign Intelligence Advisory Board (under President George W. Bush). Philip Zelikow is member of the Board.
1990's
Co-chair of the Aspen Strategy Group, a foreign policy strategy group of which Philip Zelikow is Director, and which includes among its members Richard Cheney, Condoleezza Rice and Paul Wolfowitz.
1989-1993
National Security Council Advisor (under President George H. W. Bush). He succeeds Colin Powell, and is succeeded by Anthony Lake.
During 1989-1991, Philip Zelikow is Scowcroft=s Director of European Security Affairs, and Condoleezza Rice is his Senior Director of Soviet and East European Affairs.
1974-1977
National Security Council, Advisor (under President Gerald Ford). He succeeds Henry Kissinger, and is succeeded by Zbigniew Brzezinski.
James Schlesinger
2001-2004
Department of Defense, Member, Defense Policy Board Advisory Committee.
1973-1975
United States Secretary of Defense (under Presidents Richard Nixon and Gerald Ford).
Albert Wohlstetter (1913-1997)
1992
Writes, in the Wall Street Journal (August 25), an article entitled, AHelp Iraqi Dissidents oust Saddam.@
1964-1980
University of Chicago, Department of Political Science.
Before 1964
RAND Corporation (a think-tank in Santa Monica, CA, doing contract research for the Pentagon), Senior Policy Analyst.
Paul Wolfowitz (1943-)
2005-Present
On June 1, 2005, appointed President of the World Bank.
2001-2005
Defense Department, Under-secretary of Defense (under Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld).
1993-2001
Johns Hopkins University, Dean, Paul H. Nitze School of Advanced International Studies.
In 2000, drafts, with Lewis AScooter@ Libby, the Project for a New American Century paper, ARebuilding America=s Defenses.@
1989-1993
Defense Department, Under-secretary for Policy (under then Defense Secretary Richard Cheney).
In 1992, drafts, with Lewis AScooter@ Libby, the ADefense Policy Guidance,@ for the Pentagon. The document is widely regarded as an early blueprint for the policies of preventive (mis-named Apre-emptive=) defense and foreign intervention carried out by President George W. Bush.
1986-1989
United States Ambassador to the Republic of Indonesia (then under President General Suharto).
1982-1986
Assistant Secretary of State for East Asian and Pacific Affairs (under Secretary of State George Schultz).
1981-1982
Department of State, Director of Policy Planning (with Zalmay Khalilzad, Lewis AScooter@ Libby and James Roche as members of his staff).
James Woolsey
2001-2005
Department of Defense, Member, Defense Policy Board Advisory Committee.
1993-1995
Director, Central Intelligence Agency.
Wurmser, David
2005-Present
Office of the Vice-president, Middle East Advisor (under Vice-president Richard Cheney).
2003-2005
Department of State, Assistant to Lewis AScooter@ Libby, who is Chief of Staff for the Vice-president, and Assistant to the Vice-president for National Security Affairs (under Vice-president Richard Cheney).
2001-2003
Department of State, Special Advisor to John Bolton, who is Under-secretary of State for Arms Control and International Security.
1996
Institute for Advanced Strategic and Political Studies, Director, Research in Strategy and Politics Program.
In 1996, principal author of the 1996 draft paper, AA Clean Break B A New Strategy for securing the Realm,@ presented by the Institute for Advanced Strategic and Political Studies, in answer to a request by the then recently elected Prime Minister of Israel, Benjamin Netanyahu.
1994-1996
Washington Institute for Near East Policy, Director, Institutional Grants.
1988-1994
U.S. Institute of Peace, Project Officer.
Philip Zelikow (1954-)
2005-Present
On February 5th, appointed Counselor of the Department of State, full-time, by Condoleezza Rice, who has been Secretary of State as of January 26th.
2004
In July, with the completion of the 9/11 Commission Report, returns briefly as Director of the Miller Center of Public Affairs, and White Burkett Miller Professor of History at the University of Virginia.
2001-2003
Member of the President=s Foreign Intelligence Advisory Board (under President George W. Bush). The Board is chaired by Brent Scowcroft.
In 2002, is principal author of the National Security Strategy of the United States of America (2002).
2000-2001
Appointed to the National Security Council Transition Team to provide recommendations to Condoleezza Rice, as she is taking the post of National Security Advisor.
1998
University of Virginia, Director of the Miller Center of Public Affairs and White Burkett Miller Professor History.
1997
Co-authors, with Condoleezza Rice, the book, Germany unified and Europe transformed B a Study in Statecraft.
In the 1990=s
Director of the Aspen Strategy Group, a foreign policy strategy group which includes Brent Scowcroft (as co-chair), Richard Cheney, Condoleezza Rice and Paul Wolfowitz.
1989-1991
Director of European Security Affairs, for National Security Advisor Brent Scowcroft B at a time when Condoleezza Rice was Scowcroft=s Senior Director of Soviet and East European affairs.
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