January 3, 2004

Time Line B Non-violence *

33,000 B.C. - 1500 A.D. [34,500 Years of Early Infanticidal, Late Infanticidal, Abandoning and Ambivalent Child-rearing Modes]

__

1500 - 1700 [200 Years of Intrusive Child-rearing Mode]

1689 England B The Glorious Revolution.

1700 - 1950 [150 Years of Socializing Child-rearing Mode]

1776 The American Colonies B The American Revolution.

1789 France B The French Revolution.

1917 Russia B The Russian Revolution.

1948 India B Independence from the British.

1950 - Present [53 Years of Helping Child-rearing Mode]

1953 East Germany B A non-violent rebellion is defeated.

1956 Russia B Nikita Khrushchev Ade-Stalinizes@ the Party.

Poland B Khrushchev brutally represses a non-violent movement.

Hungary B Khrushchev defeats a non-violent rebellion.

1962 France B President Charles de Gaulle grants Algeria its independence even after the military defeat of the Front de Liberation Nationale (F.L.N.).

1968 Czechoslovakia B APrague Spring.@ Party liberalization from within is crushed.

1974 Greece B A junta of colonels yield power to civilians

Portugal B Pro-democratic military officers, abetted by a powerful civil movement, overthrow the autocratic regime of Marcello Caetano.

1975 Spain B A free election ends the dictatorial, right-wing regime, successor to Francisco Franco, and brings about a democratic government without violence.

1982 Argentina B The draconian regime of generals surrenders power, bringing in a civilian, Raul Alfonsin, as president.

Poland B The Solidarity Movement, 10,000,000 strong, innovates the approach of focusing on immediate, modest goals, without mounting a direct challenge to the main structures of totalitarian Soviet power.

1985 Russia B Mikhail Gorbachev introduces glasnost and perestroika (market reforms, decentralization of power, liberalization of the press and democratization of the political process.

Eastern Europe B Gorbachev withdraws the threat of military invasion which, throughout the Cold War, had been the final guarantee for the survival of local communist regimes.

Brazil B A military regime is removed.

1986 The Philippines B The dictatorship of Ferdinand Marcos yields to a vigorous, peaceful popular resistance led by the Catholic Church and a rebellious faction in the military.

1988 South Korea B The autocratic Chun Doo Hwan agrees to an election which leads to his replacement by his rival, Roh Tae Woo.

1989 South Africa B Nelson Mandela leads a peaceful change from apartheid to democracy.

Poland B Achieves full independence from the Soviet Union.

Czechoslovakia B Achieves full independence from the Soviet Union.

Hungary B Achieves full independence from the Soviet Union.

East Germany B Achieves full independence from the Soviet Union.

Bulgaria B Achieves full independence from the Soviet Union.

Romania B Achieves full independence from the Soviet Union.

Taiwan B The first multi-party legislative and local elections are held, after 40 years of one-party rule by the Nationalist Party that had once governed mainland China.

Chile B Military dictator, Augusto Pinochet, yields power to an elected government.

1990 Lithuania B Demands independence from the Soviet Union.

1990 Indonesia B The autocratic regime of General Suharto falls.

1991 Russia B Demands independence from the Soviet Union

The Soviet Union collapses.

1999 Nigeria B Free elections are held.

Iran B A strong opposition challenges the autocratic rule of Islamic mullahs who had installed themselves in power in the revolution of 1978-1979 against the regime of Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi.

2001 Mexico B After 71 years of unbroken rule, the People=s Revolutionary Party loses in a free election won by the presidential candidate of the National Action Party, Vicente Fox.

Serbia B The murderous regime of Slobodan Milosevic is overthrown by a non-violent democratic movement. The movement has arisen in reaction to Milosevic=s falsification of election results giving victory to the democratic forces.

**

_______________________________

* Schell, Jonathan, The Unconquerable World B Power, Non-violence, and the Will of the People (Metropolitan/Henry Holt, New York, N.Y.), 2003.

Hall, Francoise, AThe Road less noticed B Non-violent Strides towards Democracy,@ 12/24/03.

** Since then:

In Bolivia, non-violent protests over water in Cochambamba, have led to a peaceful change of president.

In Equador, there has been a peaceful change to a more democratic government.

In Israel, 1,200 soldiers are refusing to serve in the West Bank and Gaza Strip (the Refusnik Movement).

In Brazil, the People=s Forum, held in Punto Alegre, has attracted thousands of people from all over the world claiming to represent the people of the world under the banner, AAnother World is Possible.@

On Five Continents on 12/15/03, over 10,000,000 people demonstrated against the United States intention to invade Iraq.

***