June 17, 2006

THE DIMENSIONS OF CONSCIOUSNESS B LEVELS AND DOMAINS

(WITH A FOCUS ON WAR)

CONSCIOUSNESS

The dimensions of consciousness can be measured in terms of depth B levels nested within the consciousness, and in terms of breath B the extent to which consciousness expands into the Kosmos.

PART I:

THE DEVELOPMENT OF HUMAN CONSCIOUSNESS

700,000-200,000 B.C.E.

The APleroma-uroboric@ Stage

This stage in the development of consciousness coincides approximately with the last third of the Lower Paleolithic Period (2,000,000-100,000 B.C.E.). Around 250,000 B.C.E., Homo erectus, which has existed for more than a million years (1,600,00-250,000 B.C.E.), evolves into Homo sapiens whose members have a cranial capacity of 1,350 cubic centimeters, close to the present world average.

Early humans do not differentiate themselves from the environment. They survive by foraging (hunting and gathering) (Wilber 1981/1996; summarized in Hall 2005d, pp. 23-24. Wilber 1996; summarized in Hall 2005d, pp. 23-24. Hall 2006c. p. 2. Hall 2005e, pp. 4-5).

Average Dimensions of Consciousness during the APleroma-uroboric@ Stage:

No. of Levels: 1 First (lowest) level.

No. of Domains: 1 The Aself@ and the environment are undifferentiated.

200,000-10,000 B.C.E.

The ATyphon@ (Body-self) Stage

This stage in the evolution of consciousness coincides approximately with the time spans of both the Middle Paleolithic Period (100,000-35,000 B.C.E.) and Upper Paleolithic Period (35,000-10,000 B.C.E.).

Neanderthal Man (200,000-50,000 B.C.E.) is a proficient hunter, uses stone tools and bone implements, and has discovered fire. Cognitively, he possesses crude paleo-symbols and images. He is almost entirely pre-verbal B by 70,000 B.C.E., his language consists of intentional calls.

By 67,000 B.C.E., humans are fully modern and become the single surviving hominid species

Cro-Magnon Man (50,000-10,000 B.C.E.) makes finely crafted tools out of stone and bones, carves jewelry from shell and ivory, and creates polychrome paintings on cave walls. By 20,000 B.C.E., his language includes modifiers, commands and nouns. Cognitively, he is at the level of dreams (the primary process), and B like in dreams B he confuses subject with object, and part of wholes with wholes. He makes sense of his experience by means of magic, not logic. His mode of production is horticultural.

Cro-Magnon Man has a Aself.@ It is a body-self which he differentiates from the environment (though not yet from his mind).

War, in which death is delivered to other humans on a large scale, still does not exist. (Wilber 1981/1996; summarized in Hall 2005d, p. 24. Hall 2006c, pp. 3-4. Hall 2005e, pp. 5-6).

Average Dimensions of Consciousness during the ATyphon@ Stage:

No. of Levels: 1 A Abody-self.@

No. of Domains: 2 a. A Aself-in-here.@

b. A Aworld out there.@

9,500-4,500 B.C.E.

The ALow Mythic-membership@ Stage

This stage in the development of consciousness coincides approximately with the Mesolithic Period (10,000-7,000 B.C.E.) and the first part of the Neololithic Period (7,000-1,500 B.C.).

Humans domesticate plants and animals, and live in settled villages. They use stone tools (metal is still undiscovered). Their crafts include pottery and weaving. They develop an early form of writing. Cognitively, they have at their disposal a mixture of magic and logic (mythic cognition).

Humans of this period place the locus of their Aself@ is in their mind. They thus differentiate their Aself@ not only from the environment, but also from their body. The mode of production is agrarian.

Aggression and mass homicide, in the form of war, begin (Wilber 1981/1996; summarized in Hall 2005d, p. 25. Wilber 1996; summarized in Hall 2005d, p. 25. Hall 2006c, p. 7. Hall 2005e, p. 7).

4,500-2,500 B.C.E.

The AHigh Mythic-membership@ Stage

This stage in the evolution of consciousness coincides approximately with the end of the Neololithic Period (7,000-1,500 B.C.E.). Civilization begins. The city-states and theocracies of Egypt and Mesopotamia flower. The King is an all-powerful and righteous Other who enforces a code of conduct based on absolutist and unvarying principles of Aright@ and Awrong.@ Social hierarchies are rigid, with an emphasis on law and order. Beliefs are concrete, literal and fundamentalistic.

The self is conventional and conformist. It still has no individuality, perceiving itself only as fulfilling a pre-determined role is a fixed, hierarchically conceived, oppressive social order.

The self craves immortality. In the kingdom of Egypt (c.3000 B.C.E.), for instance, humans try to overcome death by means of time-defying strategies, such as mortuary cults, mummies, golden death masks, and pyramids.

The fear of death is such that it is also extroverted and converted into murderous aggression. The original death terror becomes death-dealing rage. In Sumer (c.3,500-2,350), specialized warfare B the war machine B is born, and with it, modern, massive warfare of one state against another (Wilber 1981/1996; summarized in Hall 2005d, pp. 26-28. Wilber 1996; summarized in Hall 2005d, pp. 26-28. Hall 2006c, p. 8. Hall 2005e, p. 9).

Average Dimensions of Consciousness during the AMythic-membership@ Stage:

No. of Levels: 2 a. A body.

b. A pre-ego self.

No. of Domains: 2 a. A Aself-in-here.@

b. A Aworld out there.@

2,500-500 B.C.E.

The ALow Egoic@ Stage (in the West B Europe and the near East)

This stage in the development of consciousness coincides very approximately with the Bronze Age (3,000-1,500 B.C.E.) and the beginning of the Iron Age (1,500 B.C.E.- Present).

Societies are feudal agrarian. ADivine@ kings are visible gods, ready always to receive offerings in return for safety. Subjection to the king is his price for death protection by him.

The ego B the unique individuality emerges. Morality is that of the warrior, the duty-bound and the ethno-centric. It does not see the value of universal compassion, interpreting it as a sign of weakness. ATruth@ is only that which fits the religious dogma and all art must depict some aspect of the mythic organization. This conception of truth reflects an undifferentiation of the domains of knowledge, a differentiation which would only begin with the AMiddle Egoic@ stage. Alphabetic writing based on the Phoenician script becomes widespread. Male-oriented, patriarchal mythologies of thunder-hurling gods are the dominant divinities.

The levels of murderous aggression, such as the mass atrocities which Tiglath-pileser I (1115-1077 B.C..E.), king of ancient Assyria, inflicts on the people of Asia Minor, North Syria, Armenia and Babylonia, are on a scale hitherto unknown in the history of the world. The history which man writes is not a chronicle of his evolutionary steps toward a higher, more differentiated and inclusive self. It is, rather, a chronicle of the wholesale substitute sacrifices and murderous waste which are pathognomonic of Homo sapiens (Wilber 1981/1996; summarized in Hall 2005d, pp. 29-33. Hall 2006c, pp. 9 and 11-12. Hall 2005e, pp. 11 and 14).

Warfare is conducted on horseback and in horse-drawn chariots.

Average Dimensions of Consciousness during the ALow Egoic@ Stage:

No. of Levels: 2 a. A body.

b. A weak ego-self.

No. of Domains: 2 a. A Aself-in-here.@

b. A Aworld out there.@

500 B.C.E.-1450 C.E.

The AMiddle Egoic@ Stage

Domains of Knowing:

The Greeks (500 B.C.E.) begin to differentiate three domains of knowledge (value spheres):

3. The Beautiful B the aesthetic and expressive currents of each subjective self (art/aesthetics).

4. The Good B morals, justness, ethics (religion/morals).

5. The True B the objective truth, according to dispassionate standards (empirical knowledge, science) (Wilber 1981/1996; summarized in Hall 2005d, pp. 33-36. Wilber 1998; summarized in Hall 2006d, p. 3. Hall 2006c, p. 14).

During the Middle Ages (400-1450 C.E.), these three domains are still not fully differentiated:

* Buonarroti Michaelangelo (1475-1564) is in constant conflict with Pope Julius II (pope 1503-1513) about the types of figures he is allowed to represent in his art. The domains of self-expression/art and religion/morals are not clearly differentiated, and oppression in one is oppression in the other.

* Galileo Galilei (1564-1642) may not pursue the domain of science because it clashes with the sphere of religion/morality (Wilber 1998; summarized in Hall 2006d, p. 4).

Levels of Knowing:

During the Middle Ages (400-1450 C.E.), the three Aeyes@ of knowing (traditional epistemological pluralism) is given its first clear statement by the Christian mystics Hugh of Saint Victor (1096-1141) and Saint Bonaventure (1221-1274). We have:

1. AThe Eye of Flesh@ B giving us sensory experience.

2. AThe Eye of Mind@ B giving us interior knowledge.

3. AThe Eye of Contemplation@ B giving us transcendent realities.

Each Aeye@ is valid and important when it addresses its own realm, but commits a fallacy (a category error) when by itself, it attempts to grasp fully either higher or lower realms (Wilber 1983/2001; summarized in Hall 2006a, pp. 1-2. Wilber 1998, summarized in Hall 2006d, p. 2).

Average Dimensions of Consciousness during the AMiddle Egoic@ Stage:

No. of Levels: 3 a. A body.

b. A role-performing ego-self.

c. Spirit (given a clear statement by mystics).

No. of Domains: 3 a. AThe Beautiful@ of the Greeks (the interior, individual).

b. AThe Good@ of the Greeks (the interior, collective).

c. AThe True@ of the Greeks (the exterior, individual and collective).

These three domains are not clearly differentiated.

1450-2000 C.E.

The AHigh Egoic@ Stage

The Renaissance (1550-1650).

The Enlightenment (1700-1875):

The evolution of consciousness leads to rationality and industrialization. The Age of Reason begins. Reason B the formal operational stage of consciousness development, emerges as the basic organizing principle of society. Immanuel Kant (1724-1804) defines autonomy as the courage to think for oneself, without relying on socially formulated rules and dogmas.

The approach to knowledge is representational. Knowledge consists of reflecting the world accurately and holistically. This Amechanistic,@ Amirror of nature,@ Areflection@ paradigm leaves out the Amap-maker@ B the self who is making the maps of the world.

1775:

The truth domains in all existence (domains of knowledge, value spheres) are fully differentiated.

Average Dimensions of Consciousness during the AHigh Egoic@ Stage (before the Dissociation of Domains):

No. of Levels: 3 a. A body.

b. A strong, individual ego-self.

c. Spirit.

No. of Domains: 3 a. The interior, individual.

b. The interior, collective.

c. The objective, individual and collective.

These three domains are clearly differentiated B and not yet dissociated from each other.

1775-1824:

The domains of knowledge (value spheres) begin to dissociate.

1875:

4. Max Weber (1864-1920) describes three domains (realities):

a. The Subjective: AI.@ Self and self-expression, aesthetic judgment, artistic expression. The irreducible subjective contents of immediate consciousness and intentionality.

b. The Inter-subjective: AWe.@ Collective interaction and social awareness, justness, goodness, reciprocity, mutual understanding.

c. The Objective: AIt.@ Objective truth, realities which can be seen in an empirical and monological fashion.

2. These domains, however, are now almost completely dissociated. The interior domains are negated. With Modernity, the West becomes the first major civilization in the history of humanity to deny the interior domains, to deny that there are levels of knowing other than the objective. It denies two of our three Aeyes,@ the Great Chain (Nest) of Being, and the fact that, as Huston Smith (1925-) summarizes:

AReality is graded, and with it, cognition.@

Empirical science dominates, Acolonizing@ the interior domains. The Aeye of flesh@ usurps the realms of the other two Aeyes@ (mind and contemplation) and declares that that which it itself cannot see, does not exist. The world becomes Adisenchanted.@ Science rejects church religions, refuses any pre-rational, anthropomorphic, mythic God figure, and denies virtually the entire corpus of mythological belief. With this derisive attitude, however, it also rejects the great contemplative philosopher-sages, proclaiming all gods dead, including any trans-rational, non-anthropomorphic, super-conscient God (Wilber 1981/1996; summarized in Hall 2005d, pp. 36 and 38. Wilber 1998, summarized in Hall 2006d, pp. 5-7. Hall 2006c, pp. 19-20, 22-23 and 26. Hall 2005e, p. 18. Hall 2006a, p. 4).

Average Dimensions of Consciousness during the AHigh Egoic@ Stage (after the Dissociation of Domains):

No. of Levels: 2 a. A body.

b. A strong, individual ego-self.

No. of Domains: 2 a. The exterior, individual.

b. The exterior, collective.

The exterior domains dominate (Acolonize@) the interior domains.

Modernity (1875-1950):

1925:

Science becomes scientism B the belief that there is no reality save that revealed by science.

During Modernity, the war machine spins out of control. The sacred or semi-sacred restraints are either gone or perverted into Aholy wars.@ Wars are increasingly fought over ideas rather than simple property or good B and hence, the sheer destruction of all people, property and goods becomes acceptable. Abstractions are now the object of war. The world is split into several large and heavily armed camps of finite creatures glutted in overkill, and bent on mutual destruction (Wilber 1981/1996; summarized in Hall 2005d, pp. 40-41. Wilber 1998; summarized in Hall 2006d, pp. 8-14. Hall 2005e, p. 23).

Average Dimensions of Consciousness during Modernity:

No. of Levels: 2 a. A body.

b. A strong, individual ego-self.

No. of Domains: 2 a. The exterior individual.

b. The exterior collective.

Max Weber=s subjective and inter-subjective domains are negated.

Post-modernity (1950-Present):

This is the Age of Information. Post-modernity recognizes that nothing is pre-given. Humans are co-creators of their own evolution, their own history, their own world spaces. Reality is not just perception, it is also an interpretation (Wilber 1996, p. 41; summarized in Hall 2006c, p. 26).

Average Dimensions of Consciousness during Post-modernity

(Before the slide into a denial of the objective realm B AThere is no truth, only interpretations@):

No. of Levels: 2 a. A body.

b. A strong, individual ego-self.

No. of Domains 2 a. The interior individual.

b. The interior collective.

c. The exterior individual.

d. The exterior collective.

This mode of thinking was called by Jean Gebser (1904-1973) Aintegral-aperspectival@ thinking.

Ken Wilber (1949-) offers an integration of:

1. All levels of knowing: These levels are sensory, rational and spiritual, as described in the Great Chain (Nest) of Being.

2. The four domains of knowledge (value spheres, dimensions of all holons): These domains are the interior (individual and collective), and the exterior (individual and collective) domains (Wilber 1998; summarized in Hall 2006d, pp. 18-25).

Average Dimensions of Consciousness, as postulated by Wilber (and the Great Chain of Being):

No. of Levels: Actual: 5 a. Sensory-motor.

b. Typhonic.

c. Mythic-membership (pre-operational).

d. Low egoic (concrete operational).

e. High egoic (formal operational).

Potential: 5 a. Vision-logic (aperspectival).

b. Psychic (shamanic).

c. Subtle (saintly).

d. Causal (sagely).

e. Non-dual (siddha).

No. of Domains:

Actual: 1 The inter-objective B exterior, collective.

Potential: 4 a. The subjective B the interior individual.

b. The inter-subjective B the interior plural.

c. The objective B the exterior individual.

d. The inter-objective B the exterior plural. (Wilber1977/1993, 1980/1996, 1981/1996, 1983/2005, 1995/2000, 1996, 2000/2001; all summarized in Hall 2005d, pp. 12-20 and 46).

PART II: CAUSES OF WAR

The levels (depth) and domains (breadth) of all holons B including war B are inextricably correlated. When an author speaks about the causes of war, which of the dimensions of consciousness is he/she focusing on? Integral thinkers will, of course, attempt to focus on all the levels and all four domains, acknowledging the truth of each level and domain, but also remembering that each of these truths is only partial. A full understanding must come from an embrace and integration of all them. The following are examples which are representative of partial truths.

Table 1 presents an overview of the level of consciousness and domain of knowledge on which various authors focus when attempting to explain why war.

Table 2 presents the focus of United Nations in its attempts to bring peace in the world.

Table 1: The Causes of War B Principal Focus of various Authors

Domain and

Validity Criteria

Level of

Interior

Exterior

Consciousness

Individual

AI@

Truthfulness

Sincerity

Collective

AWe@

Cultural Fit

Mutual Understanding

Individual

AIt@

Objective Truth

Collective

AIts@

Functional Fit

Body

M. van Creveld (1991)

B. Ehrenreich (1997)

A. Stevens

(2004)

Pre-ego

R. Kaplan

(2000)

Ego

F. Fukuyama (1992)

C. Hedges

(2002)

L. deMause

(2002)

J. Stoessinger

(1999)

S. Griffin

(1992)

S. Huntington (1996)

J. Ridgeway (2004)

A. Kimbrell

(1997)

K. Bales

(1999)

T. Friedman

(1999)

M. Klare

(2001)

Several levels

K. Wilber

(1981)

R. Heinberg

(2003)

Table 2: Aiming for Peaceful World B Principal Focus of the United Nations

Domain and

Validity Criteria

Level of

Interior

Exterior

Consciousness

Individual

AI@

Truthfulness

Sincerity

Collective

AWe@

Cultural Fit

Mutual Understanding

Individual

AIt@

Objective Truth

Collective

AIts@

Functional Fit

Level unstated

United Nations Agencies^*

(1999-2004)

UNICEF

(2000)

United Nations Human Development Programme (2001)

^* See p. 36 of the present document.

The Interior Individual Domain

E. The Body (Biological) Level:

Martin van Creveld: In his 1991 book, The Transformation of War, van Creveld, military historian at the Hebrew University, Jerusalem, focuses on the interior body-self level of consciousness:

AThe very terror of fighting is capable of inducing excitement, exhilaration, even vertigo . . . By compelling the senses to focus themselves on the here and now, it can cause a man to take his leave of them. In this way, it is granted to the warrior to approach, even cross, the thin dividing line between life and death. In the whole of human experience the only thing that even comes close is the act of sex, as is also evident from the fact that the same terms are often used to describe both activities. However, the thrills of war and fighting are probably more intense than those of the boudoir@ (van Creveld 1991, p. 165; summarized in Hall 2003a, pp. 4-5).

Dimensions of Consciousness:

No. of Levels: 1 The Abody-self.@

No. of Domains: 1 The interior individual B war feels similar to sex.

F. The AEgoic@ Level:

1. Francis Fukuyama: In his 1992 book, The End of History and the Last Man, political scientist Fukuyama emphasizes the egoic-rational level, and its need for self-recognition. In the hierarchy of needs which Abraham Maslow (1908-1970) describes, this is the self-esteem need. Fukuyama notes that the liberal-economic state has delivered this mutual recognition more effectively than any other system in history, and believes, therefore, that no further major historical change can or will occur in this regard. The liberal West has won history, thus Aending@ it (Fukuyama 1992, cited in Wilber 2001, pp. 114-115; see also Hall 2006b, p. 12).

Dimensions of Consciousness:

No. of Levels: 1 The egoic self is the self that searches for recognition.

No. of Domains: 3 a. The interior individual B the egoic self in search of recognition.

b. The interior collective B the liberal state.

c. The exterior collective B the economic state.

2. Chris Hedges: In his 2002 book, War is a Force that gives us Meaning, New York Times war correspondent Hedges focuses on the need for meaning in life B an ego need which is high in the hierarchy of needs:

AThe enduring attraction of war is this: even with its destruction and carnage, it can give us what we long for in life. It can give us purpose, meaning, a reason for living. Only when we are in the midst of conflict, does the shallowness and vapidness of much of our lives becomes apparent. Trivia dominate our conversations and increasingly our airwaves. And war is an enticing elixir. It gives us resolve, a cause. It allows us to be noble@ (Hedges 2002, p. 3; summarized in Hall 2003a, p. 10).

Dimensions of Consciousness:

No. of Levels: 1 The egoic self is the self that searches for meaning.

No. of Domains: 2 a. The interior individual B the egoic self in search of meaning.

3. The interior collective B our trivial conversations.

3. Lloyd deMause: In his 2002 book, The Emotional Life of Nations, psychohistorian deMause focuses on childhood trauma:

AGroups go to war both to revenge their childhood traumas and rid themselves of feelings of sinfulness, hoping to cleanse their emotions and be reborn by sacrificing victims representing >bad= parts of themselves.@

A[War provides the opportunity to] simultaneously take revenge against the terrifying mommy alter, kill the bad-child alter, be reborn, and become pure and lovable, all in one splendid act of mass butchery@ (deMause 2002, pp. viii and 181; see also Hall 2005c, p. 63).

Dimensions of Consciousness:

No. of Levels: 1 A well-defined Aself.@ Historically it is either the AMythic-membership@ or the AEgoic@ self which has sought revenge through war. Substitutability is a hallmark of war. The self must have the ability to substitute the alleged perpetrator of an injury (to kill him is murder) for any member of the opposite tribe (war) (Kelly, pp. 5-6; summarized in Hall 2004b, p. 4).

No. of Domains: 2 a. The interior individual.

4. The interior collective.

5. John Stoessinger: In his book, Why Nations go to War, Stoessinger, Visiting Professor of Global Diplomacy at the University of San Diego, San Diego, CA, points to the interior of leaders:

AThe case studies indicate the crucial importance of the personalities of leaders . . . There is a remarkable consistency in the self-images of most national leaders on the brink of war. Each confidently expects victory after a brief and triumphant campaign . . . Distorted views of the adversary=s character also help to precipitate a conflict . . . When a leader on the brink of war believes that his adversary will attack him, the chances of war are fairly high. When both leaders share this perception about each other=s intent, war becomes a virtual certainty . . . A leader=s misperception of his adversary=s power is perhaps the quintessential cause of war . . . It is not the actual distribution of power that precipitates a war, it is the way in which a leader thinks that power is distributed . . . The war itself then becomes a dispute over measurement@ (Stoessinger, pp. 253-258).

Dimensions of Consciousness:

No. of Levels: 1 Probably the ego level. Stoessinger=s case studies were of eight 20^th century conflicts (World War I; Hitler=s attack on Russia; the Korean War; the Vietnam War; the India-Pakistan wars of 1947, 1965, 1971 and 1998; the Israeli-Arab war; two Persian Gulf wars B the Iran-Iraq War and Iraq=s invasion of Kuwait; and the dismemberment of Yugoslavia).

No. of Domains: 1 The interior individual B the interior of the leaders.

C. All Levels of Consciousness:

Ken Wilber: In his 1981/1996 book, Up from Eden B a Transpersonal View of Human Evolution, transcendental philosopher Wilber connects awareness of one=s own death to the killing of others. Awareness of the death of the self begins in the ALow Mythic-membership@ stage of consciousness development, and increases in the AEgoic@ stage, where we are today.

AAll men and women intuit that the skull will grin in, and war is a simple arrangement for the skull to belong to the other guy.@

AAs long as individuals are not able to transcend their separate self B thereby >sacrificing= it B they will be open to sacrificing someone else instead.@

AEvolution is a spiritual unfolding . . . History is a movement of human consciousness . . . The future of humankind is God-consciousness . . . Transcendence is the only cure for the homicidal animal B to >kill= the [separate] self instead of killing others@ (Wilber 1981/1996, pp. viii, xix, 3, 160-161 and 163-164; summarized in Hall 2005c, pp. 67-68).

Dimensions of Consciousness:

No. of Levels: 10 + Up to and including to the Absolute, non-dual.

No. of Domains 1 The interior individual B the AGreat Chain of Being.@

The Interior Collective Domain

A. The AEgoic@ Level:

1. Susan Griffin: In her 1992 book, A Chorus of Stones, Griffin, feminist writer, poet, playwright and film maker, focuses on our individual and collective propensity to deny:

AHow many small decisions accumulate to form a habit? What a multitude of decisions, made by others, in other times, must shape our lives now. A grandmother=s name is erased. A mother decides to pretend that her son does not drink too much. A nation refuses to permit Jewish immigrant to pass its borders, knowing, and yet pretending not to know, that this will mean certain death. The decision is made to bomb a civilian population. The decision is made to keep the number of the dead and the manner of their death a secret@ (Griffin 1992, pp. 14-16; see also Hall 2005c, p. 60).

Dimensions of Consciousness:

No. of Levels: 1 The egoic stage. Griffin is talking about the West during the 20^th century.

No. of Domains: 2 a. The interior individual B small decisions.

b. The interior collective B the number of dead kept secret.

2. Samuel Huntington: In his 1996 book, The Clash of Civilizations and the re-making of World Order, political scientist Huntington focuses principally on culture. He delineates nine civilization blocks B Western, Latin American, African, Islamic, Sinic, Hindu, Orthodox, Buddhist and Japanese. These are the horizontal Atectonic plates@ of human culture. Taking them into account is crucial. They are some of the primary motivators in international politics, commerce, war and diplomacy.

However, Huntington=s analysis is largely conducted on a horizontal playing field. He does not acknowledge the vertical levels of development, the archaeological strata in the civilization blocks he delineates. His is a surface reading of civilizations without a developmental analysis of the infrastructures of the blocks (Huntington 1996, cited in Wilber 2001, pp. 115-116 and 119; see also Hall 2006b, p. 13).

Dimensions of Consciousness:

No. of Levels: 1 The AEgoic@ self. This focus on the egoic self assumes that the average level of consciousness development in the world as a whole, has reached this stage. This cannot be assumed. Much of the world is below this level (Wilber 2000; summarized in Hall 2006b, pp. 1-4. Wilber 2001; summarized in Hall 2006b, pp. 1-4).

No. of Domains: 1 The interior collective B culture, civilization blocks.

The Exterior Individual Domain

A. The Body Level:

1. Barbara Ehrenreich: In her 1997 book, Blood Rites B Origins and History of the Passions of War, author Ehrenreich focuses on ingrained biological patterns remaining from our precarious past as prey animals:

AThe >necessity= of revenge may well be [a] legacy of our animal-fighting, pre-historic past . . . Animals secure in their predator status know nothing of revenge. But humans are hardly secure. Our triumph over the other species occurred not that long ago, and childhood, for each of us, recapitulates the helplessness of prey.@

AThe nation, then, is our imagined link to the glorious deeds B or the terrible atrocities still awaiting revenge B that were performed by others long ago.@

APredatory creatures play a major role in the flags, coats of arms and less formal symbols that various nations adopt for themselves B the eagle for the United States, Germany, Mexico, Poland and Spain; the lion for Britain, Czechoslovakia, Finland, Kenya, the Netherlands, Norway and Iran; the hawk for Egypt; the bear for Russia@ (Ehrenreich 1997, pp. 138-139, 200 and 203; summarized in Hall 2003b, pp. 13-15).

Dimensions of Consciousness:

No. of Levels: 1 The body level B we are animals of prey.

No. of Domains: 2 a. The exterior individual B the left-over in our brain of our animal-fighting, pre-historic past.

b. The exterior collective B nations are our link to avenge the past.

2. Anthony Stevens: In his 2004 book, The Roots of War and Terror, British psychiatrist and analytical psychologist Stevens calls on our individual biology:

AWhat I am proposing is [that] human warlike behavior depends on a neuro-psychic basis of interconnected archetypal systems which mediate social behaviors and perceptions in all human beings. Broadly, these may be classified in three categories B [those] implicated in enmity, [those implicated] in aggression and [those implicated] in defense@ (Stevens 2004, p. 54; summarized in Hall 2004c, pp. 1-17; summarized also in Hall 2004d, pp. 1-3).

Dimensions of Consciousness:

No. of Levels: 1 The body level B neuro-psychic systems.

No. of Domains: 1 The exterior individual B our brain.

B. The AEgoic@ Level:

1. James Ridgeway: In his 2004 book, It=s all for Sale B the Control of Global Resources, Ridgeway, staff writer for the Village Voice, focuses on our tendency to commodify other human beings:

A[Commodities] have played an important role in the evolution of colonialism and empire, and in the waging of small and large wars.@

ASlavery . . . turns human beings into commodities . . . [There are] today more slaves in the world than ever before in history . . . B some 27,000,000 . . . Modern slavery can be viewed as just another industry B in this case, one estimated to contribute $13,000,000,000 to the global economy every year.@

AAt least 800,000 people, mostly women and children, are bought and sold on the world market each year. The United States is both a transit and destination point . . . In 2003, the State Department estimated that between 18,000 and 20,000 people, again primarily women and children, are brought annually through trafficking to the United States@ (Ridgeway 2004, pp. ix-x and 167-168; summarized in Hall 2005a).

Dimensions of Consciousness:

No. of Levels: 1 The ego (and perhaps also to an unknown extent, a lower level, such as the AMythic-membership@ level). Ridgeway is talking about the self-interest of slave owners and traffickers in the 20^th century.

No. of Domains: 1 The exterior individual B individual behavior.

2. Andrew Kimbrell: In his 1997 book, The Human Body Shop B The Cloning, Engineering and Marketing of Life, Kimbrell, Director of the International Center for Technology Assessment, Washington, D.C., focuses on our tendency to commodify ourselves, and even life itself:

AAs transfusion and transplantation technology created the commodification of blood, organs, and other body parts, and as repro-tech created the growing market for sperm eggs, embryos, the born and the unborn, genetic engineering has begun commodifying the tens of thousands of genes that make up the human genome. We have begun the process of commercially exploiting our common genetic heritage . . . Researchers have even begun cloning human embryos@ (Kimbrell 1997, pp. 163 and 165).

A commodity, of course, is much easier to kill than a human being who has an interior (feelings, hopes, wishes, strivings) like ourselves.

Dimensions of Consciousness:

No. of Levels: 1 The ego. Kimbrell is talking about 20^th century researchers, business- persons and buyers, who act in their own self-interest, paying little attention to the implications of their behavior. (In the 7^th century B.C.E., legendary King Midas was ecstatic when what he touched turned into gold. Only when his little daughter turned into a statue of gold B a commodity B did Midas beg to be relieved of his supernatural power).

No. of Domains: 1 The exterior individual B the behavior of scientists, business-persons and buyers.

3. Kevin Bales: In his 1999 book, Disposable People B New Slavery in the Global Economy, Bales, Principal Lecturer at the Roehampton Institute, University of Surrey, England, points to the disposability of slaves around the world. At the end of the 1990's, there were 27,000,000 adult slaves around the world. India has 15,000,000 child slaves. Thailand has 50,000 enslaved prostitutes (Bales 1999, pp. 43, 237, 240 and Chapters 2-6. Ridgeway 2004, p. 167; summarized in Hall 2004e, p.6).

Dimensions of Consciousness:

No. of Levels: 1 The ego (and perhaps also to an unknown extent, a lower level, such as the AMythic-membership@ level). Bales is talking about the self-interest of slave owners and traffickers in the 20^th century.

No. of Domains: 1 The exterior individual B the behavior of owners and traffickers.

The Exterior Collective Domain

A. The AMythic-membership@ Level:

Robert Kaplan: In his 2000 book, The Coming Anarchy B shattering the Dreams of the Post Cold War, Kaplan, Senior Fellow at the New America Foundation, and Consultant to the Special Forces Regiment of the U.S. Army, focuses on levels below the egoic:

AAs anybody who has had experience with Chetniks in Serbia, >technicals= in Somalia, Tontons Macoutes in Haiti, or soldiers in Sierra Leone can tell you, in places where the Western Enlightenment has not penetrated, and where there has always been mass poverty, people find liberation in violence@ (Kaplan 2000, p. 45; summarized in Hall 2003a, pp. 8-9).

Dimensions of Consciousness:

No. of Levels: 2 a. Before the Western Enlightenment.

After the Western Enlightenment.

No. of Domains: 1 The exterior collective B mass poverty.

B. The AEgoic@ Level:

4. Thomas Friedman: In his 1999 book, The Lexus and the Olive Tree, Friedman, like Samuel Huntington, gives only a surface, horizontal view of human differences. He delineates six areas B politics, culture, national security, finance, technology and the environment. Within these, he focuses almost exclusively on the exterior-collective (social) B systems theory, chaos and complexity theories, the web of life, holism (a Aflatland,@ holism, without depth), and techno-economic globalization of the post-modern world.

The global techno-economic wave of Friedman is basically the exterior-collective (social) equivalent of the interior-collective (culture) world civilization of Huntington (Friedman 1999, cited in Wilber 2001, pp. 127-129; summarized in Hall 2006b, p. 14).

In 2006, Friedman summarized his view on the 2003 Gulf War. He also then focused on the external domain. Friedman did not specify whether the Apathologies@ he has uncovered in other areas of the world, are individual, collective, or both:

AMy position [in support of] the war [in Iraq] has to do with the fact that we=ve got a part of the world over there that is basically entrenched in a whole set of pathologies, pathology that produces the kind of characters that produced 9/11 . . . The only way to get to those pathologies is by trying to produce a different context in that part of the world@ (Friedman 2006, Democracy Now!).

Dimensions of Consciousness:

No. of Levels: 2 a. An ego level B ourselves.

b. A non-ego level B in Iraq and Athat part of the world.@

No. of Domains: 2 a. The internal collective B culture.

b. The exterior collective B politics, national security, finance, technology and the environment. We have to produce a Adifferent context@ in the Iraq part of the world.

2. Michael Klare: In his 2001 book, Resource Wars B the New Landscape of Global Conflict, Klare, Director of the Five College Program in Peace and World Security Studies, based at Hampshire College, Amherst, MA, predicts that (material) resources will be the triggers for future wars:

AWithout a steady and reliable flow of essential materials, the American economy cannot expand and generate the products needed to ensure continued U.S. competitiveness in global markets . . . While diplomacy and economic sanctions can be effective in promoting other economic goals, only military power can ensure the continued flow of oil and other critical materials from (or through) distant areas in times of war and crisis . . . It is difficult, for example, to imagine that the United States will ever allow the Persian Gulf to fall under the control of a hostile power, or that Egypt will allow Sudan or Ethiopia to gain control over the flow of the Nile River. [The conflicts] in the Democratic Republic of Congo (formerly Zaire) for control over the lucrative gold and copper fields, . . . and in Sierra Leone for control over the valuable diamond fields [are of a similar nature]@ (Klare 2001, pp 8, 9 and 24).

Dimensions of Consciousness:

No. of Levels: 2 a. The AMythic-membership@ level.

The AEgoic@ level.

Historically, the selves in the AMythic-membership@ and the AEgoic@ stages are the ones which have drawn an impermeable boundary between their tribe or nation, and defended it at all costs, without insight into what a higher level of consciousness makes obvious B the fact that we are all one.

No. of Domains: 1 Exterior collective B monetarily valuable resources.

C. The AEgoic@ and Pre-AEgoic@ Levels of Consciousness:

Richard Heinberg: In his 2003 book, The Party=s over B Oil, War and the Fate of Industrial Societies, Heinberg, core faculty member at the New College of California, Santa Rosa, CA, focuses on war as one of the ways societies increase their supply of energy. Other strategies include the use of tools, specialization within the society, the sharing of resources (trade), and draw-down (drawing on nature=s stocks of non-renewable energy resources, such as coal, oil, natural gas and uranium).

War, says Heinberg, is but one of the instruments which societies have used to increase their supply of energy. The strategy is to divert some of the earth=s life-supporting capacity away from other life forms, and re-direct it toward humans. With simple stone tools and fire, our pre-Homo sapiens ancestors, took over organic materials otherwise destined for consumption by insects, carnivores or bacteria. About 10,000 years ago, our earliest horti-culturalist ancestors began taking over land on which to grow crops B land otherwise destined to support trees, shrubs, wild grasses and animals. As the expanding generations replaced each other, Homo sapiens has taken over an ever-larger fraction of the surface of the planet, at the expense of other inhabitants. When the take-over strategy has been applied to other humans, the name given to is, has been Awar@ (Heinberg 2003, pp. 9, 11-12, 15-16 and 19-29; summarized in Hall 2004a, pp. 1-20).

Dimensions of Consciousness:

No. of Levels: 4 a. APleroma-uroboric@ (500,000 B.C.E.): The use of stones to hunt and gather food.

b. ATyphonic@ (50,000 B.C.E.): The discovery of fire, and the development of increasingly sophisticated stone tools and bone implements.

c. AMythic-membership@ (10,000 B.C.E.): The development of horticulture and then farming.

d. AEgo@ (today): The draw-down of non-renewable resources (Columbia Encyclopedia; summarized in Hall 2006c, p. 2).

No. of Domains: 1 The external collective B the appropriation by humans through technological means, of energy from other species.

D. Level of Consciousness unstated:

1. United Nations Agencies point to the millions who are disposable, in the sense that humanity does not provide them with minimum of life-sustaining amenities. At the turn of the century (1999 to 2004), there were:

* 2,800,000,000 people living on less than $2 per day.

* 2,400,000,000 people without access to improved sanitation.

* 2,000,000,000 people without electricity.

* 1,700,000,000 people living in countries facing water stress.

* 1,560,000,000 people living in countries where more than half the population had no sustainable access to affordable essential drugs.

* 1,100,000,000 people with no access to safe water.

* 924,000,000 people living in urban slums.

* 800,000,000 people hungry on any given day.

* 641,000,000 people living in countries in which life expectancy has decreased in the past 20 years from 62 to 46 years.

* 467,300,000 people living in countries where development, as measured by the United Nations human development index (HDI), had decreased during the past 10 years.

* 354,300,000 living in countries in which the international debt was 25 percent of exports or more.

* 135,000,000 people threatened by desertification.

* 55,000,000 people either infected with HIV or AIDS orphans.

* 40,000,000 people displaced from their homes (U.N. Development Programme 2003, pp. 10, 40-41, 87-88, 103-104, 125-127, 230-235, 242-244, 251-253. U.N. Development Programme 2004, p. 155. U.N. 2003. U.N. Food and Agriculture Organization 2003, pp. 6 and 10-11. Joint U.N. Programme on HIV/AIDS 2002, p. 44. World Bank 2002, p. vi. Environmental New Service 2004. Phillips and Project Censored 2003, pp. 77-79; all summarized in Hall 2005b, p. 8).

Dimensions of Consciousness:

No. of Levels: 1 Level unstated. People of the world are at all stages in the development of consciousness. Much of the world is below the AEgoic@ level (Wilber 2000; summarized in Hall 2006b, pp. 1-4. Wilber 2001; summarized in Hall 2006b, pp. 1-4).

No. of Domains: 1 The exterior individual B the tangible, empirical conditions of life of the poor and disadvantaged.

2. The United Nations Children=s Emergency Fund (UNICEF): iSchaik Development Associates point out that the activities of UNICEF have largely operated in the external domains (both individual and collective), and ignored the interior domains (both individual and collective) (iSchaik Development Associates, cited in Wilber 2001, pp. 99-103; summarized in Hall 2006b, p. 15).

Year Program Domain of Focus

1950's: The Era of Disease Campaigns Exterior individual.

1960's: The Decade of Development Exterior collective

1970's The Era of Alternatives Exterior individual and collective

1980's The Era of Child Survival Exterior individual and collective

1990's The Decade of Children=s Rights Exterior individual and collective

Dimensions of consciousness imbedded in the UNICEF Programs:

No. of Levels: 1 Level unstated.

No. of Dimensions: 2 a. The exterior individual B disease campaigns, alternatives, child survival, children=s rights.

b. The exterior collective B Adevelopment,@ alternatives, child survival, children=s rights.

The development of consciousness is apparently not a part of UNICEF=s gift to children B children who when adults, will decide on wars to be or not to be fought.

The United Nations Human Development Programme: Since the early 1990's, the United Nations Human Development Programme has used the Ahuman development index@ (HDI) as a measure of the relative Adevelopment@ of a country. The index comprises four components:

a. Life expectancy at birth.

b. Adult literacy.

c. Combined primary, secondary and tertiary gross enrolment.

d. The gross domestic product (GDP). (In 1995, the GDP replaced what had originally been the gross national product (GNP).

Marilyn Waring, in her 1998/1999 book, Counting for nothing, points out the pro-war bias of the GDP (or the GNP which is similar in this respect). It:

Assigns a positive value to the production, profit, capital and Amanpower@ related to weapons.

Assigns a value to unused weapons.

Classifies armed forces and arms transfers in special privileged categories.

Assigns a value only to death by arms, not taking into account other deaths, even those related to war.

Assigns no value to the negative effects of war.

Omits any measure of qualitative life satisfactions.

Assigns no value to investments in children.

Does not consider as Awork@ the work done (mostly by women) in the house without the exchange of money (Waring 1988/1999, pp. 1, 3, 8, 23-24, 58, 67, 70-71, 81 86 and 125; summarized in Hall 2003c, pp. 1-7; summarized also in Hall 2005c, pp. 53-55; and summarized also in Hall 2004f, pp. 1-15. United Nations Human Development Report 2001; summarized in Hall 2004f, pp. 1-15).

Neither the human development index nor, in fact, the whole 2001 Human Development Report, mention possible differences among humans in the reality they see B a different cognition with each of the different levels of consciousness.

Dimensions of Consciousness imbedded in the HDI:

No. of Levels: 1 Level unstated.

No. of Domains: 2 a. The exterior individual B life expectancy, adult literacy, school enrolment.

The exterior collective B gross domestic product (GDP).

REFERENCES

Columbia Encyclopedia. 2000. 6^th edition. New York: Columbia University/Gale Group.

deMause, Lloyd. 2002. The emotional life of nations. New York: Karnac/Other.

See also Hall, Francoise, 2005c, AThe Causes of War B A Sample of Western Views,@ August 13 (88 pages, unpublished).

Ehrenreich, Barbara. 1997. Blood rites B origins and history of the passions of war. New York: Henry Holt/Owl Books.

Summarized in Hall, Francoise, 2003b, AWhy War? (Part II),@ October 13 (22 pages, unpublished).

Environmental News Service, 2004. ACreeping Desertification B The Cause and Consequence of Poverty.@

Summarized in Hall, Francoise, 2005b, AGlobal Trends B Predictable Atrocities,@ June 4 (29 pages, unpublished).

Friedman, Thomas.

1999. The Lexus and the olive tree. New York: Random House/Anchor Books.

See also Hall, Francoise, 2006b, AAn Integral Vision,@ March 12 (21 pages, unpublished).

2006. Interview with Amy Goodman. Democracy Now!, June 7.

Fukuyama, Francis. 1992. The end of history and the last man. New York: Free Press/Avon Books.

See also Hall, Francoise, 2006b, AAn Integral Vision,@ March 12 (21 pages, unpublished).

Griffin, Susan. 1992. A chorus of stones. New York: Random House/Anchor Books.

See also Hall, Francoise, 2005c, AThe Causes of War B a Sample of Western Views.@ August 13 (88 pages, unpublished).

Hall Francoise,

2003a, AWhy War? (Part I), September 26 (16 pages, unpublished).

2003b, AWhy War? (Part II),@ October 13 (22 pages, unpublished).

2003c, AWar institutionalized B The United Nations System of National Accounts,@ October 31 (7 pages, unpublished).

2004a, AEnergy Today,@ July 10 (20 pages, unpublished).

2004b, AThe Origin of War,@ August 8 (21 pages, unpublished).

2004c, AThe Archetypal Foundation of War,@ August 28 (17 pages, unpublished).

2004d, ABook Review, Anthony Stevens, The Roots of War and Terror,@ October 17 (3 pages. Published in the Journal of Psychohistory, Vol. 33, No. 1, Summer 2005, pp. 99-100).

2004e, ADisposable People B Population reduction without War B People who will contribute most heavily to the probable upcoming Decrease in World Population,@ December 4 (9 pages, unpublished).

2004f, AHuman Development,@ (Poem), December 11 (15 pages, unpublished).

2005a, ACommodification and Privatization B First Steps in the trimming of the Human Species, (Poem), April 3 (4 pages, unpublished).

2005b, AGlobal Trends B Predictable Atrocities,@ June 4 (29 pages, unpublished).

2005c, AThe Causes of War B A Sample of Western Views.@ August 13 (88 pages, unpublished).

2005d, AA Transpersonal View of War B War as a Substitute for Cosmo-centrism and Immortality during the Egoic Stage in the Development of Consciousness,@ November 5 (103 pages, unpublished).

2005e, AThe History of War B with a Critique of Lloyd deMause=s Position that harsh Child rearing Modes are the Cause of War,@ December 11 (42 pages, unpublished).

2006a, AObstacles to an Integral Paradigm of Knowledge,@ January 10 (14 pages, unpublished).

2006b, AAn Integral Vision,@ March 12 (21 pages, unpublished).

2006c, AThe History of Western Art B A Pictorial Representation of the Evolution of Consciousness, March 25 (103 pages, unpublished).

2006d, AThe Integration of World Cultures,@ May 31 (26 pages, unpublished).

Hedges, Chris. 2002. War is a force that gives us meaning. New York: Random House/Anchor Books.

Summarized in Hall, Francoise, 2003a, AWhy War? (Part I), September 26 (16 pages, unpublished).

Heinberg, Richard. 2003. The party=s over B oil, war and the fate of industrial societies. Gabriola Island, B.C., Canada: New Society.

Summarized in Hall, Francoise, 2004a, AEnergy Today,@ July 10 (20 pages, unpublished).

Huntington, Samuel. 1996. The clash of civilizations and the re-making of world order. New York: Simon & Schuster/Touchstone.

See also Hall, Francoise, 2006b, AAn Integral Vision,@ March 12 (21 pages, unpublished).

iSchaik Development Associates, undated. Presentations to the United Nations Children=s Emergency Fund (UNICEF), AThe Process of Integral Development,@ and, AThe Integrative Approach B All-quadrants, All-levels, All-lines,@ (http://www.vanschaik.demon.co.uk); cited in Wilber 2001, pp. 99-103.

Summarized in Hall, Francoise, 2006b, AAn Integral Vision,@ March 12 (21 pages, unpublished).

Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS. 2002. Report on the global HIV/AIDS epidemic 2002. Geneval Switzerland.

Summarized in Hall, Francoise, 2005b, AGlobal Trends B Predictable Atrocities,@ June 4 (29 pages, unpublished).

Kaplan, Robert. 2000. The coming anarchy B shattering the dreams of the post Cold War. New York: Random House/Vintage.

Summarized in Hall, Francoise, 2003a, AWhy War? (Part I), September 2003 (16 pages, unpublished).

Kelly, Raymond. 2000. Warless societies and the origin of war. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan.

Summarized in Hall, Francoise 2004b, AThe Origin of War,@ August 8 (21 pages, unpublished).

Kimbrell, Andrew. 1997. The human body shop B the cloning, engineering, and marketing of life. 2^nd edition. Washington, D.C.: Regnery/Gateway.

Klare, Michael. 2001. Resource wars B the new landscape of global conflict. New York: Henry Hold/Metropolitan.

Phillips, Peter, and Project Censored. 2002. Censored 2004 B the top 25 censored stories. New York: Seven Stories.

Summarized in Hall, Francoise, 2005b, AGlobal Trends B Predictable Atrocities,@ June 4 (29 pages, unpublished).

Ridgeway, James. 2004. It=s all for sale B the control of global resources. Durham: Duke University.

Summarized in Hall, Francoise, 2005a, ACommodification and Privatization B First Steps in the trimming of the Human Species, (Poem), April 3 (4 pages, unpublished).

Stevens, Anthony. 2004. The roots of war and terror. New York: Continuum.

Summarized in Hall, Francoise, 2004c, AThe Archetypal Foundation of War,@ August 28 (17 pages, unpublished).

See also Hall, Francoise, 2004d, ABook Review, Anthony Stevens, The Roots of War and Terror,@ October 17, (3 pages. Published in the Journal of Psychohistory, Vol. 33, No. 1, Summer 2005, pp. 99-100).

Stoessinger, John. 1999. Why nations go to war. Belmont, CA: Thomson/Wadsworth.

United Nations. 2003. World population prospects B the 2002 revision. New York.

Summarized in Hall, Francoise, 2005b, AGlobal Trends B Predictable Atrocities,@ June 4 (29 pages, unpublished).

United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization. 2003. The state of food insecurity in the world, 2003. Rome Italy.

Summarized in Hall, Francoise, 2005b, AGlobal Trends B Predictable Atrocities,@ June 4 (29 pages, unpublished).

United Nations Human Development Programme.

2001. Human development report 2001 B making new technologies work for human development. New York: Oxford University.

Summarized in Hall, Francoise, 2004f, AHuman Development,@ (Poem), December 11 (15 pages, unpublished).

2003. Human development report 2003 B millennium development goals, a compact among nations to end human poverty. New York; Oxford University.

Summarized in Hall, Francoise, 2005b, AGlobal Trends B Predictable Atrocities,@ June 4 (29 pages, unpublished).

2004. Human development report 2004 B cultural liberty in today=s diverse world. New York: Oxford University.

Summarized in Hall, Francoise, 2005b, AGlobal Trends B Predictable Atrocities,@ June 4 (29 pages, unpublished).

Van Creveld, Martin. 1991. The transformation of war. New York: Free Press.

Summarized in Hall, Francoise, 2003a, AWhy War? (Part I), September 26 (16 pages, unpublished).

Waring, Marilyn. 1988/1999. Counting for nothing B what men value and what women are worth. Toronto, ON, Canada: University of Toronto.

Summarized in Hall, Francoise, 2003c, AWar institutionalized B The United Nations System of National Accounts,@ October 31 (7 pages, unpublished).

Summarized also in Hall, Francoise, 2005c, AThe Causes of War B a Sample of Western Views.@ August 13 (88 pages, unpublished).

Summarized also in Hall, Francoise 2004f, AHuman Development,@ (Poem), December 11 (15 pages, unpublished).

Wilber, Ken.

1977/1993. The spectrum of consciousness. 20^th anniversary edition. Wheaton, IL: Quest Books.

Summarized in Hall, Francoise, 2005d, AA Transpersonal View of War B War as a Substitute for Cosmo-centrism and Immortality during the Egoic Stage in the Development of Consciousness,@ November 5 (103 pages, unpublished).

1980/1996. The Atman project B a transpersonal view of human development. Wheaton, IL: Quest Books.

1981/1996. Up from Eden B a transpersonal view of human evolution. Wheaton, IL, Quest Books.

Summarized also in Hall, Francoise, 2005c, AThe Causes of War B A Sample of Western Views,@ August 13 (88 pages, unpublished).

1983/2001. Eye to eye B the quest for the new paradigm. 3^rd edition, revised. Boston, MA: Shambhala.

Summarized in Hall, Francoise, 2006a, AObstacles to an Integral Paradigm of Knowledge,@ January 10 (14 pages, unpublished).

1983/2005. A sociable God B (1983 subtitle: a brief introduction to a transcendental sociology), 2005 subtitle: toward a new understanding of religion. Boston: Shambhala.

1995/2000. Sex, ecology, spirituality B the spirit of evolution. 2^nd edition, Revised. Boston: Shambhala.

1996. A brief history of everything. Boston, MA: Shambhala.

1998. The marriage of sense and soul B integrating science and religion. New York: Random House/Broadway Books.

Summarized in Hall, Francoise, 2006d. AThe Integration of World Cultures,@ May 31 (26 pages, unpublished).

2000. Integral psychology B consciousness, spirit, psychology, therapy. Boston, MA: Shambhala.

Summarized in Hall, Francoise, 2006b, AAn Integral Vision,@ March 12 (21 pages, unpublished).

2001. A theory of everything B an integral vision for business, politics, science and spirituality. Boston, MA: Shambhala.

Summarized in Hall, Francoise, 2006b, AAn Integral Vision,@ March 12 (21 pages, unpublished).

2000/2001. The eye of spirit B an integral vision for the world gone slightly mad. Boston: Shambhala.

World Bank. 2002. World development report 2000-2001. New York: Oxford University.

Summarized in Hall, Francoise, 2005b, AGlobal Trends B Predictable Atrocities,@ June 4 (29 pages, unpublished).

***